Literature: english presentation about literature.pdf

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About This Presentation

Literature: english presentation about literature


Slide Content

Literature

Timeline of
British Literary
History

Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Period (450–1066)
The term Anglo-Saxon comes from two Germanic tribes:
the Angles and the Saxons. This period of literature dates
back to their invasion (along with the Jutes) of Celtic
England circa 450. The era ends in 1066 when Norman
France, under William, conquered England.
Much of the first half of this period—prior to the seventh
century, at least—had oral literature. A lot of the prose
during this time was a translation of something else or
otherwise legal, medical, or religious in nature; however,
some works, such as Beowulfand those by period poets
Caedmon and Cynewulf, are important.

Middle English Period (1066–1500)
The Middle English period sees a huge transition in the
language, culture, and lifestyle of England and results in
what we can recognize today as a form of “modern”
(recognizable) English. The era extends to around 1500. As
with the Old English period, much of the Middle English
writings were religious in nature; however, from about
1350 onward, secular literature began to rise. This period is
home to the likes of Chaucer, Thomas Malory, and Robert
Henryson. Notable works include "Piers Plowman" and "Sir
Gawain and the Green Knight."

The Renaissance (1500–1660)
Recently, critics and literary historians have begun to call this the “Early Modern”
period, but here we retain the historically familiar term “Renaissance.” This period is
often subdivided into four parts, including the Elizabethan Age (1558–1603), the
Jacobean Age (1603–1625), the Caroline Age (1625–1649), and the Commonwealth
Period (1649–1660).
The Elizabethan Age was the golden age of English drama. Some of its noteworthy
figures include Christopher Marlowe, Francis Bacon, Edmund Spenser, Sir Walter
Raleigh, and, of course, William Shakespeare. The Jacobean Age is named for the reign
of James I. It includes the works of John Donne, Shakespeare, Michael Drayton, John
Webster, Elizabeth Cary, Ben Jonson, and Lady Mary Wroth. The King James translation
of the Bible also appeared during the Jacobean Age. The Caroline Age covers the reign
of Charles I (“Carolus”). John Milton, Robert Burton, and George Herbert are some of the
notable figures.
Finally, the Commonwealth Period was so named for the period between the end of the
English Civil War and the restoration of the Stuart monarchy. This is the time when
Oliver Cromwell, a Puritan, led Parliament, who ruled the nation. At this time, public
theaters were closed (for nearly two decades) to prevent public assembly and to
combat moral and religious transgressions. John Milton and Thomas Hobbes’ political
writings appeared and, while drama suffered, prose writers such as Thomas Fuller,
Abraham Cowley, and Andrew Marvell published prolifically.

The Neoclassical Period (1600–1785)
The Neoclassical period is also subdivided into ages, including The Restoration
(1660–1700), The Augustan Age (1700–1745), and The Age of Sensibility (1745–1785).
The Restoration period sees some response to the puritanical age, especially in the
theater. Restoration comedies (comedies of manner) developed during this time
under the talent of playwrights like William Congreve and John Dryden. Satire, too,
became quite popular, as evidenced by the success of Samuel Butler. Other notable
writers of the age include Aphra Behn, John Bunyan, and John Locke.
The Augustan Age was the time of Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift, who imitated
those first Augustans and even drew parallels between themselves and the first set.
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, a poet, was prolific at this time and noted for
challenging stereotypically female roles. Daniel Defoe was also popular.
TheAge of Sensibility (sometimes referred to as the Age of Johnson) was the time of
Edmund Burke, Edward Gibbon, Hester Lynch Thrale, James Boswell, and, of course,
Samuel Johnson. Ideas such as neoclassicism, a critical and literary mode, and the
Enlightenment, a particular worldview shared by many intellectuals, were
championed during this age. Novelists to explore include Henry Fielding, Samuel
Richardson, Tobias Smollett, and Laurence Sterne as well as the poets William
Cowper and Thomas Percy.

The Romantic Period (1785–1832)
The beginning date for the Romantic period is often debated. Some claim it
is 1785, immediately following the Age of Sensibility. Others say it began in
1789 with the start of the French Revolution, and still others believe that
1798, the publication year for William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor
Coleridge’s book Lyrical Balladsis its true beginning.
The time period ends with the passage of the Reform Bill (which signaled
the Victorian Era) and with the death of Sir Walter Scott. American
literature has its own Romantic period, but typically when one speaks of
Romanticism, one is referring to this great and diverse age of British
literature, perhaps the most popular and well-known of all literary ages.
This era includes the works of such juggernauts as Wordsworth, Coleridge,
William Blake, Lord Byron, John Keats, Charles Lamb, Mary Wollstonecraft,
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Thomas De Quincey, Jane Austen, and Mary Shelley.
There is also a minor period, also quite popular (between 1786–1800), called
the Gothic era. Writers of note for this period include Matthew Lewis, Anne
Radcliffe, and William Beckford.

The Victorian Period (1832–1901)
This period is named for the reign of Queen Victoria, who ascended to the throne
in 1837, and it lasts until her death in 1901. It was a time of great social, religious,
intellectual, and economic issues, heralded by the passage of the Reform Bill,
which expanded voting rights. The period has often been divided into “Early”
(1832–1848), “Mid” (1848–1870) and “Late” (1870–1901) periods or into two
phases, that of the Pre-Raphaelites (1848–1860) and that of Aestheticism and
Decadence (1880–1901).
The Victorian period is in strong contention with the Romantic period for being
the most popular, influential, and prolific period in all of English (and world)
literature. Poets of this time include Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning,
Christina Rossetti, Alfred Lord Tennyson, and Matthew Arnold, among others.
Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, and Walter Pater were advancing the essay form
at this time. Finally, prose fiction truly found its place under the auspices of
Charles Dickens, Charlotte and Emily Bronte, Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot
(Mary Ann Evans), Anthony Trollope, Thomas Hardy, William Makepeace
Thackeray, and Samuel Butler.

The Edwardian Period (1901–1914)
This period is named for King Edward VII and covers the
period between Victoria’s death and the outbreak of World
War I. Although a short period (and a short reign for
Edward VII), the era includes incredible classic novelists
such as Joseph Conrad, Ford Madox Ford, Rudyard Kipling,
H.G. Wells, and Henry James (who was born in America
but spent most of his writing career in England); notable
poets such as Alfred Noyes and William Butler Yeats; and
dramatists such as James Barrie, George Bernard Shaw,
and John Galsworthy.

The Georgian Period (1910–1936)
The Georgian period usually refers to the reign of George V (1910–
1936) but sometimes also includes the reigns of the four
successive Georges from 1714–1830. Here, we refer to the former
description as it applies chronologically and covers, for example,
the Georgian poets, such as Ralph Hodgson, John Masefield, W.H.
Davies, and Rupert Brooke.
Georgian poetry today is typically considered to be the works of
minor poets anthologized by Edward Marsh. The themes and
subject matter tended to be rural or pastoral in nature, treated
delicately and traditionally rather than with passion (like was
found in the previous periods) or with experimentation (as would
be seen in the upcoming modern period).

The Modern Period (1914–?)
The modern period traditionally applies to works written after the start of World
War I. Common features include bold experimentation with subject matter, style,
and form, encompassing narrative, verse, and drama. W.B. Yeats’ words,
“Things fall apart; the center cannot hold,” are often referred to when describing
the core tenet or “feeling” of modernist concerns.
Some of the most notable writers of this period include the novelists James
Joyce, Virginia Woolf, Aldous Huxley, D.H. Lawrence, Joseph Conrad, Dorothy
Richardson, Graham Greene, E.M. Forster, and Doris Lessing; the poets W.B. Yeats,
T.S. Eliot, W.H. Auden, Seamus Heaney, Wilfred Owens, Dylan Thomas, and Robert
Graves; and the dramatists Tom Stoppard, George Bernard Shaw, Samuel
Beckett, Frank McGuinness, Harold Pinter, and Caryl Churchill.
New Criticism also appeared at this time, led by the likes of Woolf,Eliot, William
Empson, and others, which reinvigorated literary criticism in general. It is
difficult to say whether modernism has ended, though we know that
postmodernism has developed after and from it; for now, the genre remains
ongoing.

The Postmodern Period (1945–?)
The postmodern period begins about the time that World War
II ended. Many believe it is a direct response to modernism.
Some say the period ended about 1990, but it is likely too soon
to declare this period closed. Poststructuralist literary theory
and criticism developed during this time. Some notable
writers of the period include Samuel Beckett, Joseph Heller,
Anthony Burgess, John Fowles, Penelope M. Lively, and Iain
Banks. Many postmodern authors wrote during the modern
period as well.

Famous British
Writers

William Shakespeare
Famous As: Bard of Avon
Birthdate: April 26, 1564
Birthplace: Stratford-upon-Avon
Died: April 23, 1616
English playwright, poet, and actor William
Shakespeare is widely regarded as the
greatest writer in the English language. He is
also often called England's national poet.
Many of his works have been translated into
other languages and his plays continue to be
produced till day. Popular during his lifetime,
he acquired an iconic status after his death.

JANE AUSTEN
Famous As: Novelist
Birthdate: December 16, 1775
Birthplace: Steventon Rectory, Hampshire,
England
Died: July 18, 1817
Considered one of the greatest writers in
English history, Jane Austen is best known for
her six major novels -Sense and Sensibility,
Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma,
Persuasion and Northanger Abbey. Her
writing was set among the British landed
gentry and dealt with ordinary people in
everyday ordinary situation. The author
achieved great fame after her death.

MARY SHELLEY
Famous As: Novelist
Birthdate: August 30, 1797
Birthplace: Somers Town, London,
England
Died: February 1, 1851
An author who was admired for her
exploration of the Gothic genre, Mary
Shelley is best remembered for her
novel Frankenstein. She also edited the
works of her husband, Romantic poet
P.B. Shelley. She lost her husband to a
drowning accident and eventually
passed away due to brain tumor.

CHARLES DARWIN
Famous As: Naturalist
Birthdate: February 12, 1809
Birthplace: The Mount House, Shrewsbury,
England
Died: April 19, 1882
Widely regarded as one of the most influential
personalities in the history of mankind,
Charles Darwin was an English biologist,
naturalist, and geologist. He is credited with
publishing the Theory of Evolution, which
explains the evolution of life from a unicellular
organism to human beings. A prolific writer,
Charles Darwin also wrote important books
on plants and barnacles.

CHARLES DICKENS
Famous As: Writer
Birthdate: February 7, 1812
Birthplace: Landport, Hampshire, England
Died: June 9, 1870
Widely considered the greatest novelist of the
Victorian era, Charles Dickens was an English
writer famous for creating world-renowned
fictional characters. Regarded by critics and
scholars as a literary genius, most of his short
stories and novels are read around the world
even today. His distinctive style of writing is
referred to as Dickensian.

AGATHA CHRISTIE
Famous As: Writer
Birthdate: September 15, 1890
Birthplace: Torquay, Devon, England
Died: January 12, 1976
Even after four decades after her death,
Agatha Christie remains an influential figure
in the world of literature and entertainment
as most of her books continue to serve as
inspiration to films, TV series, and video
games. With over two billion copies of her
novels sold, she holds the Guinness World
Records for best-selling fiction writer of all
time.

J.R.R. TOLKIEN
Famous As: Writer
Birthdate: January 3, 1892
Birthplace: Bloemfontein, South Africa
Died: September 2, 1973
Considered one of the greatest authors, JRR
Tolkien is popularly called the father of the
modern fantasy literature. He is best known
for his high fantasy classic works The Hobbit
and The Lord of the Rings, which is set in a
conceived world called the Middle-Earth.
Many years after his death, Tolkien
continues to be one of the best-selling
writers.

C.S. LEWIS
Famous As: Writer
Birthdate: November 29, 1898
Birthplace: Belfast, Ireland
Died: November 22, 1963
C. S. Lewis was a British writer whose books
have sold millions of copies worldwide after
having been translated into over 30
languages. His works, such as The Chronicles
of Narnia, have inspired the works of other
famous authors. Lewis' work continues to
attract readership and he was ranked 11th on
The Times' 50 greatest British writers since
1945 list.

GEORGE ORWELL
Famous As: Novelist
Birthdate: June 25, 1903
Birthplace: Motihari, Bihar, India
Died: January 21, 1950
The king of dystopia and satire, George
Orwell, the pen name adopted by Eric Arthur
Blair, was a well-known novelist and critic of
the 20th century. A man with a strong mind
of his own, Orwell never backed down from
stating his views on the socio-political
climate he lived in, which he expressed
profusely through his influential essays and
novels.

IAN FLEMING
Famous As: Author of James Bond Series
Birthdate: May 28, 1908
Birthplace: Mayfair, London
Died: August 12, 1964
Ian Fleming was a British writer, naval
intelligence officer, and journalist. Fleming is
credited with creating one of the most
popular characters of all time, James Bond.
His James Bond series of novels have sold
more than 100 million copies, making them
one of the best-selling fictional book series in
history. Jamaica’s Ian Fleming International
Airport is named after him.

ROALD DAHL
Famous As: Novelist
Birthdate: September 13, 1916
Birthplace: Llandaff, Cardiff, Wales
Died: November 23, 1990
British writer, Roald Dahl, is considered as
one of the greatest children’s authors. He is
one of the best-selling authors of all-time
and had a career spanning decades. Charlie
and the Chocolate Factory, James and the
Giant Peach, The Witches, The Twits and
Matilda are some of his classic works. He
also wrote short stories and novels meant
for adults.

J.K. ROWLING
Famous As: Novelist & Producer
Birthdate: July 31, 1965
Birthplace: Yate, England
JK Rowling’s story is that of rags-to-
riches. She is the author of the Harry
Potter fantasy series, which have sold
more than 500 million copies and is the
best-selling book series in history. She
also writes crime fiction albeit under a
pen name. Rowling supports many
charities and has founded Lumos, an
international NGO, working for children.

Famous British
Works

Hamlet (William Shakespeare, 1603)
The ghost of the King of Denmark tells his son Hamlet to
avenge his murder by killing the new king, Hamlet's uncle.
Hamlet feigns madness, contemplates life and death, and
seeks revenge. His uncle, fearing for his life, also devises plots
to kill Hamlet.

Pride and Prejudice (Jane Austen, 1813)
Austen’s novel begins with a line that resounds to this day: "It
is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in
possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife." The
story of Elizabeth Bennett, one of five unmarried daughters of
a country gentleman, and Mr Darcy, her land-owning suitor,
has wooed readers for two centuries, selling more than 20
million copies and inspiring dozens of imitations. The novel
concerns itself with the marriage prospects of the five
daughters, their varied reactions toward their suitors, and the
upward mobility promised by various matches. Excursions,
fancy balls, proposals, aftermaths, weddings and “familial
approbation” abound in a novel Austen playfully called “too
light, and bright, and sparkling”.

Frankenstein (Mary Shelley, 1818)
Frankenstein tells the story of gifted scientist Victor
Frankenstein who succeeds in giving life to a being of his own
creation. However, this is not the perfect specimen he
imagines that it will be, but rather a hideous creature who is
rejected by Victor and mankind in general.

Animal farm (George Orwell, 1934)
The book tells the story of a group of farm animals who rebel
against their human farmer, hoping to create a society where
the animals can be equal, free, and happy. Ultimately, the
rebellion is betrayed, and the farm ends up in a state as bad
as it was before, under the dictatorship of a pig named
Napoleon.

Death on the Nile (Agatha Christie, 1937)
Death on the Nile is a Hercule Poirot mystery novel by the
best-selling author Agatha Christie. The story follows the
main character, Hercule Poirot, where he embarks on a
vacation in Egypt, but finds himself solving two murder cases.

Harry Potter (J.K.Rowling, 1997-2007)
The main story concerns Harry's struggle against Lord
Voldemort, a dark wizard who intends to become immortal,
overthrow the wizard governing body known as the Ministry
of Magic and subjugate all wizards and Muggles (non-
magical people).

The end.
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