Long term memory

Long term memory

1. Presented by – SHREYA Topic - Long term memory

2. What is memory?

3. memory 1. The ability to recover information about past events or knowledge. 2. The process of recovering information about past events or knowledge. “Memory is the process of maintaining information over time.” (Matlin, 2005) “Memory is the means by which we draw on our past experiences in order to use this information in the present’ (Sternberg, 1999). Memory is the term given to the structures and processes involved in the storage and subsequent retrieval of information.Memory is essential to all our lives. Without a memory of the past, we cannot operate in the present or think about the future. We would not be able to remember what we did yesterday, what we have done today or what we plan to do tomorrow. Without memory, we could not learn anything. Memory is involved in processing vast amounts of information. This information takes many different forms, e.g. images, sounds or meaning.

4. How does memory work ? Here is A simplified Description of how memory works : Encoding : The information gets into our brain a way that allowS is to be stored. Storage : the information is held in A way that allows it To later be retrieveD. retrieval : Reactivating and recalling The information, Producing it in a form similar To what was encoded

5. Memory storag is made up of three Memory systeMs : Sensory memory Short term memory Long term memory Sensory Memory - Duration: ¼ to ½ second , Capacity: all sensory experience (v. larger capacity) Encoding: sense specific (e.g. different stores for each sense) Short Term Memory - Duration: 0-18 seconds C apacity: 7 +/- 2 items Encoding: mainly auditory Long Term Memory - Duration: Unlimited Capacity: Unlimited e ncoding: Mainly Semantic (but can be visual and auditory)

6. Characteristics of good memory Immediate underStanding Immediate recall Immediate recognition Stability of recognition Forgetting useless things

7. Long term memory Long-term memory: A system for permanently storing, managing, and retrieving information for later use. Items of information stored as long-term memory may be available for a lifetime. Ltm codes information According to meaning,Pattern and other characteristics It bring continuity and meaning in our life. StoRing information relatively permanently . Storing on bases of meaning And important. Function : OrganizeS and storEs information More passive From storage Than working memory

8. Encoding : Process That conTrols movement From working to long term store. Retrieval : process that controls Flow of information From long term to working Memory store

9. long-term memory was proposed by Tulving (1972). He proposed a distinction between episodic, semantic and procedural memory. Procedural Memory - Procedural memory is a part of the long-term memory is responsible for knowing how to do things, I .e. memory of motor skills . I t does not involve conscious (i.e. it’s unconscious - automatic) thought and is not declarative. For example, procedural memory would involve knowledge of how to ride a bicycle. Semantic Memory - Semantic memory is a part of the long-term memory responsible for storing information about the world. This includes knowledge about the meaning of words, as well as general knowledge.For example, London is the capital of England . It involves conscious thought and is declarative . The knowledge that we hold in semantic memory focuses on “knowing that” something is the case (i.e. declarative). For example, we might have a semantic memory for knowing that Paris is the capital of France.

10. Episodic Memory - e pisodic memory s a part of the long-term memory responsible for storing information about events (i.e. episodes) that we have experienced in our lives. It involves conscious thought and is declarative . An example would be a memory of our 1 st day at school . The knowledge that we hold in episodic memory focuses on “knowing that” something is the case (i.e. declarative). For example, we might have an episodic memory for knowing that we caught the bus to college today.

11. Cohen and Squire (1980) drew a distinction between declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge. Procedural knowledge involves “knowing how” to do things. It included skills, such as “knowing how” to playing the piano, ride a bike; tie your shoes and other motor skills.It does not involve conscious thought (i.e. its unconscious - automatic). For example, we brush our teeth with little or no awareness of the skills involved. Declarative knowledge involves “knowing that”, for example London is the capital of England, zebras are animals, your mums birthday etc. Recalling information from declarative memory involves some degree of conscious effort – information is consciously brought to mind and “declared”.