Low Birth Weight LBW - Presented By Mohammed Haroon Rashid

Subject - Child Health Nursing , Topic LBW, Presented By Mohammed Haroon Rashid, Basic B.Sc Nursing 3rd Year in Florence College Of Nursing

1. LOW BIRTH WEIGHT

2. INTRODUCTION OF LBW Low birth weight is a term used to describe babies who are born weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces (2,500 grams ).  An average newborn usually weighs about 8 pounds.  A low-birth-weight baby may be healthy even though he or she is small. But a low-birth-weight baby can also have many serious health problems . Some low- birthweight babies are healthy, but others have serious health problems that need treatment.

3. INTRODUCTION OF LBW Premature birth (before 37 weeks of pregnancy) and fetal growth restriction are the most common causes of low birthweight .  A baby with low birthweight may have trouble eating, gaining weight and fighting off infections . Low-birth-weight and   very low birth weight   infants  are particularly susceptible to infection because their  immunologicsystem  is deficient.

4. definition OF lbw According to “ Parul Datta ” Low birth weight is a term used to describe babies who are born weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces (2,500 grams). An average newborn usually weighs about 8 pounds. A low-birth-weight baby may be healthy even though he or she is small. But a low-birth-weight baby can also have many serious health problems.

5. definition OF lbw According to “ Jawed Ansari” Infant low birth weight (LBW) happens when babies weigh less than 5 pounds and 8 ounces at birth. LBW often occurs in babies who are born prematurely, before 37 weeks of gestation. It’s also common in multiple birth situations, such as cases of twins or triplets. .

6. INCIDENCE Neo-natal mortality is  defined  as death during the first 28 days of life. And India reports the highest numbers in the world: As many as 700,000 newborns die in India each year–29 per 1,000 births . In 2013, nearly 22 million newborns—an estimated 16 per cent of all babies born globally that year—had low birthweight .

7. TYPES OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT The LBW are classifient into three major types :- Malnourished Hypoplastic Babies Mixed type Babies

8. Malnourished Apart from prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) may also result in LBW. This growth retardation has two strong predictors - maternal infection and low nutrient consumption. Infection not only reduces appetite and dietary intake but affects maternal absorption of nutrient as well. There may be metabolic stress, resulting in higher requirement of nutrients.

9. Hypoplastic Babies A  hypoplastic uterus  is a uterus that is very small in size from birth. A  hypoplastic uterus  is the result of incomplete development of the uterus during birth. These babies are small in all parameters including the head size. Cell number is reduced post natal physical and mental growth is poor. Risk of occuring congenital malformation is high.

10. Mixed Type Babies These babies have above both type of physical charec teristics and mental charecteristics . In these babies there is reduction in cell numnber and in the cell size both.

11. CAUSES OF LBW Maternal Histroy Maternal health  is the health of women during  pregnancy ,  childbirth , and the postpartum period. It encompasses the  health care dimensions of  family planning ,  preconception ,  prenatal , and  postnatal  care in order to ensure a positive and fulfilling experience in most cases and reduce maternal morbidity and mortality in other cases. [1]

12. CAUSES OF LBW Maternal Malnutrition Maternal malnutrition increases the risk of poor pregnancy outcomes including obstructed labour , premature or low-birth-weight babies and postpartum haemorrhage . Severe anaemia during pregnancy is linked to increased mortality at labour . Low-birth-weight is a significant contributor to infant mortality.

13. CAUSES OF lbw Intra Uterine Infection Intrauterine infection is infection within the womb, which, in the context of pregnancy, usually means infection of: the membranes that surround the baby. the umbilical cord. and/or the  amniotic  fluid.

14. CAUSES OF lbw Placental Dysfunction Placental insufficiency  (or uteroplacental vascular   insufficiency ) is a complication of pregnancy when the  placenta  is unable to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus, and, thus, cannot fully support the developing baby.

15. CAUSES OF lbw Twin Pregnancy After 35 weeks of gestation mother is not capable to provide adequate nourishment to more than one fetus.

16. CAUSES OF lbw Maternal Disease Maternal Illness  – Birth Defect Prevention for Expecting Parents.  Maternal  illnesses increase the chance that your baby will be born with a birth defect or have a chronic health problem. Diabetes, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis and Strep B are just a few of the illnesses that can cause an adverse outcome to pregnancy.

17. CAUSES OF lbw Genetic Disorder a woman is considered at high risk because of the screening test. a woman is considered at high risk because she has previously had a  pregnancy affected by a chromosomal or  genetic disorder . an ultrasound examination has detected features or abnormalities indicating an increased risk of a chromosome  abnormality

18. CLINICAL FEATURE OF LBW Low oxygen levels at birth Pulse oximetry measures a  baby's  pulse and how much  oxygen  a  baby  has in his or her  blood  (called  oxygen saturation ). Babies who have  low oxygen levels  in their  blood  may have a CCHD, but they may also have a different cause for  low oxygen saturation  that is not a CCHD.

19. CLINICAL FEATURE OF LBW Inability to maintain body temperature It is not uncommon for mitochondrial disease patients to have some abnormal regulation of  body temperature , resulting in either a lower or higher baseline  body temperature  (commonly 96-97 degreees ) or a marked  inability  to tolerate  heat  or cold. In this way, abnormal sweating is another characteristic of dysautonomia

20. CLINICAL FEATURE OF LBW Difficulty feeding and gaining weight While  much  of  the focus is on women who  gain  too much  weight during pregnancy , health officials estimate that about 20 percent  of pregnant  women don't gain  enough  weight , which can lead  to  premature delivery, low birth  weight  and long-term health  problems for  the baby.

21. CLINICAL FEATURE OF LBW Infection  Babies born prematurely often have a  low birth weight and certain  infections  can cause complications during pregnancy. Other  infections  can also have a negative impact, especially urinary tract  infections  and gum infections . Both are associated with an increased prematurity risk

22. CLINICAL FEATURE OF LBW Weight Less Than 2500 gm. The  weight  is compared with the  baby's  gestational age and recorded in the medical record. A birthweight   less  than 2,500 grams (5 pounds, 8 ounces) is diagnosed as low birthweight .  Babies  weighing  less  than 1,500 grams (3 pounds, 5 ounces) at birth are considered very low birthweight .

23. CLINICAL FEATURE OF LBW Head and are Large Macrocephaly refers to an overly large head in infants. Not all cases of macrocephaly are cause for alarm. However, it is often a sign of other complications or conditions in the brain.

24. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION HISTORY TAKING Taking  a patient  history : the role of the  nurse .  History taking  is a key component of patient assessment, enabling the delivery of high-quality care. Understanding the complexity and processes involved in  history taking  allows  nurses  to gain a better understanding of patients' problems

25. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION USG (Ultra Sono Graphy ) An  ultrasound  is a more accurate method of estimating fetal size. Measurements can be taken of the fetus' head and abdomen and compared with a growth chart to estimate fetal weight.

26. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION Blood Test This could also help exclude anemias from nutritional deficiencies such as iron, folate , and  vitamin B-12  deficiencies. Measures of protein nutritional status include serum  albumin ,  retinol-binding protein ,  prealbumin ,  transferrin , creatinine , and BUN levels.

27. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION ABG TEST The  blood gas test  can determine how well your lungs are  able  to  move  oxygen into the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the blood. Imbalances in the oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels of your blood can indicate the presence of certain medical conditions.

28. MANAGEMENT OF BURN PATIENT MEDICAL MANGAGEMENT PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT NURSING MANAGEMENT

29. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT MONITORING VITAL SIGN

30. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT MONITER ABG AND ELECTROLYTE

31. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT TOLERANCE OF FEED

32. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF LBW PROVIDE IN UTERUS MELIEUS

33. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF LBW AVOID EXCESSIVE LIGHT, SOUND AND PAINFUL PROCEDURE

34. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF LBW PHOTOTHERAPY

35. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF LBW KANGARU MOTHER CARE

36. PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT

37. Nursing care plan RISK FOR INFECTION RELATED TO LOSS OF SKIN IMPAIRMENT IMMUNE RESPONSE AND INVASIVE THE RAPIES. RISK FOR IMPAIRMENT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT RELATED TO PREMATRURE BIRTH DEFICIENT FLUID VOLUME RELATED TO POOR NUTRITION OR INTAKE WATER

38. COMPLICATION Increased risk of infections Children are more risk-prone group of the population and low birth weight (LBW) is the leadingcause of newborns'  mortality  and  morbidity . LBW is defined as child's birth weight lower than 2500 g. Many maternal and fetal factors are determined as risk factors of LBW.

39. COMPLICATION Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS ) Sudden infant death syndrome  ( SIDS ), also known as  cot death  or  crib death , is the sudden unexplained  death  of a child less than one year of age

40. COMPLICATION Breathing problems and immature lungs (infant respiratory distress syndrome) Because a baby's  lungs  mature in the later stages of pregnancy, babies born extremely or moderately premature may have  immature lungs  that lead to breathing problems . ... indrawing , or powerful sucking in of the chest with each breath , exposing the ribs beneath the skin.

41. COMPLICATION Developmental delay  the condition of a child being less developed mentally or physically than is normal for its age.

42. HEALTH EDUCATION

43. THANK YOU….