LUNGS ANATOMY

lungs anatomy and pleural cavity

1. Lungs are pair of respiratory organs situated in thoraic cavity Right and left lung are separated by the mediastinum Weight Left 550 Right 600 Texture Spongy Colour yellow brown Adults mottled black due to deposition of carbon particles

2. The right and left lungs do not have an identical lobular structure. The right lung has three lobes ; superior, middle and inferior. The lobes are divided from each other by two fissures: Oblique fissure   Runs from the inferior border of the lung in a superoposterior direction, until it meets the posterior lung border. start from 5tv and end at 6 th costochondral junction Horizontal  fissure Runs horizontally from the sternum, at the level of the 4th rib, to meet the oblique fissure.4 th costal cartilage to meet oblique fissure The left lung contains superior and inferior lobes, which are separated by a similar oblique fissure.

3. are three lung surfaces, each corresponding to an area of the thorax mediastinal surface The mediastinal surface of the lung faces the lateral aspect of the middle mediastinum. The lung hilum (where structures enter and leave the lung) is located on this surface diaphragmatic surface The base of the lung is formed by the diaphragmatic surface. It rests on the dome of the diaphragm, and has a concave shape. This concavity is deeper in the right lung, due to the higher position of the right dome overlying the liver . costal surface The costal surface is smooth and convex. It faces the internal surface of the chest wall. It is related to the costal pleura, which separates it from the ribs and innermost intercostal muscles.

4. anterior border The anterior border of the lung is formed by the convergence of the mediastinal and costal surfaces. On the left lung, the anterior border is marked by a deep notch, created by the apex of the heart. It is known as the cardiac notch . inferior border The inferior border separates the base of the lung from the costal and mediastinal surfaces . posterior border The posterior border is smooth and rounded (in contrast to the anterior and inferior borders, which are sharp). It is formed by the costal and mediastinal surfaces meeting posteriorly.

5. The lower border of every lung is 2 – rib spaces higher than the lower border of the pleura. Therefore, it is located along the line, which cuts. A. 6th rib in the midclavicular line,. B. 8th rib in the midaxillary line, and. C. 10th rib at the lateral border of erector spinae and ends 2 cm lateral to the spine of T10 vertebra

6. The anterior border of the left lung has a distinctive notch (the cardiac notch), which enters laterally behind the 4th and 5th intercostal spaces.

7. Its lower end ends at the level of spine of T10 vertebra.

8. Root and Hilum

9. Each Segmental bronchus passes to a structurally and functionally independent unit of lung lobe called as Broncho Pulmonary Segment. These are well defined Anatomic, Functional and surgical units of lungs

10. Right main bronchus Segmental bronchus Right lower lobar bronchus

11. Right lung Left lung 1 Apical segment 2 Posterior segment 3 Anterior segment 4.Lateral segment 5.Medial segment 1+2 apicoposterior Segment 3 anterior segment 4.superior lingular segment 5.inferior lingular segment 6.Superior segment 7.Medial basal segment 8.Anterior basal segment 9.Lateral basal segment 10.Posterior basal segment 6.Superior segment 7.Absent 8.Anteromedial basal segments 9.Lateral basal segment 10.Posterior basal segment Upper lobe bronchus Medial lobe bronchus Lower lobe bronchus Superior division Inferior division Upper lobe bronchus Lower lobe bronchus

12. Trachea 16-20 C- shaped hyaline cartilage rings Bifurcates at the level of sternal angle . Carina Ridge on internal aspect of last cartilage. Point where trachea branches. Left main bronchus Longer(5 cm),smaller diameter, more horizontal, makes an angle of 45o with trachea. Gives 2 lobar bronchi Right main bronchus Shorter(2.5cm), larger diameter, more vertical( 45o ), more susceptible to aspiration. Gives 3 lobar bronchi. Each main or primary bronchus runs into the hilus of lung posterior to pulmonary vessels

13. Segmental brochi broke into sub segmental bronchus

14. Respiratory Bronchiols : 2 or more branches from each terminal bronchioles with air sac buds. This is first level of gas exchange. Respiratory bronchioles end in alveoli. Pores of khan & channels of Lambert are present to connect two alveoli

15. Largest subdivision of lung lobe. Pyramidal in shape with apex towards the root of hilum. Each segment is an independent respiratory unit. Each segment has its own separate artery [branches of pulmonary artery],segmental bronchus, autonomic nerves & lymph vessels

16. The conducting zone of the respiratory system is made up of the following Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles

17. The respiratory zone is the site of O2 and CO2 exchange with the blood The respiratory bronchioles and the alveolar ducts are responsible for 10% of the gas exchange.The alveoli are responsible for the other 90%. The respiratory zone represents the 16th through the 23rd division of the respiratory tract.

18. Each lung is enclosed in a serous pleural sac Serous membrane lined by flattened epithelium (mesothelium) Outer layer Parietal pleura Inner layer Visceral pleura (Pulmonary pleura) Pleural cavity potential space in between two layers consists of serous pleural fluid, which lubricate pleural surfaces

19. Outer layer of the pleura Lines the corresponding half of the thoracic wall, mediastinum and diaphragm It is divided into four parts Cervical pleura lies over the apex of the lungs Costal pleura covers the internal surface of the thoracic wall Mediastinal pleura covers the lateral aspect of the mediastinum Diaphragmatic pleura lies on the thoracic surface of the diaphragm

20. EMPYEMA collection of pus in pleural cavity without air COMPRESSION OF THE TRACHEA bilateral enlargement of thyroid gland AORTIC ARCH ANERYSM dilation of aortic arch TRACHEITIS OR BRONCHITIS give rise to a raw burning sensation felt deep to the sternum instead of actual pain INHALED FOREIGN BODIES common in children, tend to enter right bronchus instead of left because the right bronchus is wider & more direct continuation of the trachea BRONCHOSCOPY examination of interior of trachea through bronchoscope TRACHEOSTOMY cutting the trachea

21. ? mediastinum fissure root pleura

22. bronchopulmonary segment pulmonary lobule interpulmonary segment respiratory segment

23. pulmonary interlobular respiratory bronchial

24. Groove for azygos vein Oblique fissure Groove for arch of aorta Diaphragmatic surface

25. Cervical pleura Diaphragmatic pleura Mediastinal pleura Costal pleura

26. Bronchial artery Bronchial vein Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein

27. Alveolar septa Alveolar ducts Alveolar epithelia Alveolar sacs

28. Pleural effusion Fibrosis Emphysema Pneumothorax

29. the vagus nerve cranial nerve IX spinal nerve II the phrenic nerve

30. visceral and parietal pleurae. mediastinum and parietal pleurae. visceral and mediastinum pleurae. none of the above

31. A 36-year-old man was taken to the emergency department after having been found lying unresponsive in a local park with an empty whisky bottle nearby. He was given oxygen by an open face mask during the 15-minute ride in the ambulance. The paramedic decided to improve the airway by passing a soft nasal tube. On attempting to pass the well-lubricated tube into the patient’s nose, the paramedic found it impossible to push it much beyond the nasal vestibule on either side.What are the common anatomic causes of obstruction of the nasal airway? Answers; The most common cause for difficulty in passing a nasal tube is a deflected nasal septum. This occurs more commonly in the male, and is thought to be due to previous trauma to the septum during the period of active growth. Nasal spurs and polyps may cause difficulty and swelling of the mucous membrane secondary to infection or chemical irritation, and can also cause blockage. The widest part of the nasal cavity is near the floor.

32. A . Superficial inguinal nodes B. Anterior axillary nodes C. Posterior axillary nodes D. External iliac nodes E. Deep cervical nodes

33. ESSIENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY BY STEPHENS ROSS AND WILSON ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LASTs ANATOMY BY R.M.H MEMINN GREY ANATOMY