lymphatic system.pdf

lymphatic system

2. •Thelymphaticsystemispartofthecirculatory
systemandtheimmunesystem,comprisinga
networkoflymphaticvesselsthatcarryaclear
fluidcalledlymphunidirectionallytowardsthe
heart.

4. Removalofinterstitialfluidfromtissues
Absorptionof Fat: Lymph
vesselscalledlactealsarepresentinthelining
ofthesmallintestine.Whichabsorbfat.
TransportationofWBC
Immunefunction:Cellsinthelymphatic
systemreacttoantigenspresentedorfound
bythecells.

5. The four components of lymphatic system are:
1.LYMPH
2.LYMPH VESSEL
3.LYMPHOID TISSUE/ LYMPHOID ORGAN
4.LYMPHOCYTES and PHAGOCYTES

6. Aclearfluidcomposedmainlyofwater,
electrolytesandsomeplasmaproteins.
Transportedinlymphaticpathwayfrom
lymphaticvesselstocollectingductsandatthe
end,disposedintovenousblood.

7. Whenbloodcirculatesinhighpressure,the
fluid(plasma)portionseepsthroughthin
capillarywallsintosurroundingtissue.
Thisinterstitialfluidisreturnedtoblood
throughwallsofvenules.
Theremainderentersanetworkofthin
walledtubescalledlymphaticvesselsand
nowiscalledlymph.

9. Theflowoflymphinthethoracicduct
inanaveragerestingpersonusually
approximates100ml/hr.
Thetotallymphflowinthebodyis
about2to3litresperday.

10. Lymphaticcapillaryrunparalleltoblood
capillariesinallbodytissuesandallow
diffusionoffluidfrominterstitialspacesinto
lymphaticpathway.
Structurallyidenticaltoveins-vesselwall
composedof3thinlayersoftissue(Tunica
intima,Tunicamedia,Tunicaadventia),and
containvalvestopreventbackflow.

12. Afferentlymphaticvessels-thevesselsthat
entersthelymphnode
Efferentlymphaticvessels-thevesselsthat
leavesthelymphnode

13. Lymphaticvesselsexitlymphnodesanduniteto
formlymphatictrunks.
Themajortrunksare
Lumbartrunks(rightandleftlumbartrunks)
Intestinaltrunk
Bronchomediastinaltrunks(rightandleft)
Subclaviantrunks(rightandleft)
Jugulartrunks(rightandleft)

15. Thelumbartrunksdrainlymphfromthelower
limbs,thepelvis,thekidneys,theadrenalglands,
andtheabdominalwall.
Theintestinaltrunkdrainslymphfromthe
stomach,intestines,pancreas,spleen,andpartof
theliver.
Thebronchomediastinaltrunksdrainlymphfrom
thethoracicwall,lung,andheart.
Thesubclaviantrunksdraintheupperlimbs.
Thejugulartrunksdraintheheadandneck.

16. Thoracicduct
Rightlymphatic
duct

17. 1.Thoracicduct/Leftlymphaticduct
Mainductforthereturnoflymphtoblood.
38–45cmlength.
Beginsatcisternachyli(anteriorto2ndlumbar
vertebrae).
Cisternachyliisanenlargedlymphsacwhich
receiveslymphfromrightandleftlumbartrunks
andintestinaltrunk.
Receiveslymphfromcisternachyli,leftjugular,left
subclavian,andleftbronchomediastinaltrunks.
Thethoracicductdrainslymphintovenousblood
atthejunctionoftheleftinternaljugularandleft
subclavianveins.

18. 2.Rightlymphaticduct
About1.2cmlength.
Receiveslymphfromtherightjugular,right
subclavian,andrightbronchomediastinal
trunks.
Drainsintovenousbloodatthejunctionof
therightinternaljugularandrightsubclavian
veins.

19. Thelymphaticvessels
form specialized
lymphaticorganscalled
lymphnodeswhich
storemacrophagesand
lymphocytes to
eliminateforeign
substanceinthelymph.

20. Transportlymphawayfromtissues
Collectandfilterlymph(atthenodes)as
itcontinuestomovetowardlargervessels
calledcollectingducts.

21. Lymphaticorgansaredividedasprimarylymphatic
organsandsecondarylymphaticorgans:
1.PrimaryLymphaticOrgansareredbonemarrow
andthymusgland.TheredbonemarrowproduceT-
cellsinresponsetoanantigenandtheygetmatured
inthymusgland.
2.SecondaryLymphaticOrgansarelymphnodes,
spleen,lymphaticnodules.Thesearethesitesof
immuneresponses.

22. Bonemarrowisasemi-solidtissuefound
withinthespongyportionsofbones
Itistheprimarysiteofhaematopoiesis.
Itiscomposedofhematopoieticcells,
marrowadiposetissue,and
supportivestromalcells

24. Thethymusisanorganwithtwolobesthatis
locatedanteriortotheascendingaortaand
posteriortothesternum.

25. Eachlobesurroundedbyacapsuleand
dividedintolobules,whichareseparated
fromeachotherbystransofconnective
tissuecalledtrabeculae.

26. Eachlobuleorganizedinto2compartments:the
outercompartmentcortex,andtheinner
compartmentmedulla.

27. ThematurationofTcellsandmonocytes
takesplaceinthemedullawhichis
supportedby epithelialcellsand
macrophagespresentinthethymus.
Inadditionitalsosecretehormonesuchas
thymosinwhichstimulatethedevelopment
ofantibodies.

28. Around600beanshapedlymphnodesare
locatedthroughoutthebody.
Lymphnodesfiltersubstancesthattravel
throughthelymphaticfluid,andcontain
lymphocytes(whitebloodcells)thathelp
thebodyfightinfectionanddisease

29. Lymphnodecanbedividedinto3centric
regions:theCortex,theParacortexandthe
Medulla.
TheoutermostcortexcontainsB
lymphocytes,macrophagesandfollicular
dendriticcells.
Beneathcortex,paracortexcontainsT
lymphocytes.
Medullacontainslymphoidcells,andplasma
cellswhichactivelysecretsantibodies.

31. Filterationoflymph-lymphnodefilterand
purifythelymph(removecelldebris,virus,
fungietc)beforereturntothevenous
circulation
Trappingtheantigen-trapstheantigenand
presentsinfrontoflymphocytes
Maturationoflymphocytes
Phagocytosis

32. Thespleenisafist-sized
organintheupperleftsideof
abdomen,nexttothestomach
andbehindleftribs.
Itissurroundedbyacapsule
fromwhichanumberof
projections(trabeculae)
extendintointeriortoform
compartments.

34. Compartmentsareoftwotypes:theREDpulpand
theWHITEpulp,separatedbyadiffusemarginal
zone.
Thewhitepulpsurroundsthebranchesofsplenic
artery,formingPeriarterialLymphatcSheath
(PALS)whichcontainsTlymphocytes.
Withintheredpulpthefollowingfunctionssuch
asremovalofdefectivebloodcellsandplatelets,
storageofplateletsforemergencyuse,and
productionofbloodcellsduringfetallifeetc.

35. Phagocytosis(destructionofRBCand
Platelets)
Storageofblood(approx350mlofbloodis
storedwhichcanbeusedincriticalconditions)
Erythropoiesis(infetus)
Immuneresponse(spleenomegalyincaseofany
infectionduetoactivatedTandBlymphocytes)

36. Theyareeggshapedmassesoflymphatic
tissuesdifferentfromlymphnodessincethey
donothavecapsules.
TheyarelocatedatthemucosalliningofGI,
urinary,respiratoryandreproductivetractsand
alsoreferredasMALT(mucosa-associated
lymphatictissue)
Thetonsils(inthethroat)andthePeyer
patches(withinthesmallintestine)are
examplesofMALT.

39. Waterandsolutescontinuallyfilteroutfrom
capillaryintointerstitialspace.Tobalancethis
outflow,fluidcontinuallyreentersbloodthrough
lymphaticsystem.
Fluid(lymph)isfilteredthroughlymphnodesto
removebacteria,abnormalcellsandotherforeign
materials.
Thisfluidisthentransportedbackintothe
bloodstreamviathelymphvessels.
Lymphonlymovesinonedirection,towardthe
heart.

41. TCELLS-Atypeofwhitebloodcell.Tcellsare
partoftheimmunesystemanddevelopfromstem
cellsinthebonemarrow.Theyhelpprotectthe
bodyfrominfectionandmayhelpfightcancer.
AlsocalledTlymphocyteandThymocyte.
BCELLS-Atypeofwhitebloodcellthatmakes
antibodies.Bcellsarepartoftheimmunesystem
anddevelopfromstemcellsinthebonemarrow.
AlsocalledBlymphocyte.

42. MONOCYTES-Amonocyteisatypeofwhite
bloodcellandatypeofphagocyte.Thesearethe
largestofleucocytes.
DENDRITICCELLS:Adendriticcellisatypeof
phagocyteandatypeofantigen-presenting
cell(APC).Ithaslongbranchedprojectionssimilar
toneurons.
GRANULOCYTIC CELLS: Neutrophil.
Eosinophil,Basophil

43. Lymphedema:Itisaconditionof
localizedfluidretentionandtissueswellingcaused
byblocked/improperlymphaticsystem.
Themainsymptomisswellinginanarmorleg
thatmaybeaccompaniedbypainordiscomfort.

44. Theconditioncanbeinheritedorcanbecaused
byaninjurytolymphvesselornodesasaresult
oftreatmentofcancersuchasradiation,surgery
oraparasiticinfectioncalledfilariasis.
Lymphedema Filariasis

45. There'snocureforlymphedema.
Therapiesforlymphadema:
Exercises.Gentlecontractionofthemuscles
inthearmorlegcanhelpmovetheexcess
fluidoutoftheswollenlimb.
Manuallymphdrainage
Compressionbandages
Compressiongarments