M1 003 20092023 Slum Redevelopment in India.ppt

Slum Rehabilitation initiatives in india

1. Name of Institution
1
Amity School of
Architecture & Planning (ASAP)
Course level: M Plan (Sem I)
Course Title: Housing Policy and Community Planning
(XXXXX)
Module 1
003 Slum Rehabilitation in India
Dr. Ritabrata Ghosh
ASAP

2. Name of Institution
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ASAP
An area of a city that is very poor and where the houses
are dirty and in bad condition
Slum as defined by Oxford Dictionary

3. Name of Institution
3
ASAP
Definition of Slum (Household) as per UN-
HABITAT
•UN-HABITAT defines a slum household as a group of
individuals living under the same roof in an urban area who
lack one or more of the following:
-Durable housing of a permanent nature that protects
against extreme climate.
-Sufficient living space, which means not more than three
people sharing the same room.
-Easy access to safe water in sufficient amounts at an
affordable price.
-Access to adequate sanitation in the form of a private or
public toilet shared by a reasonable number of people.
-Security of tenure that prevents forced evictions.

4. Name of Institution
4
ASAP
A Slum, for the purpose of Census has been defined as
residential areas where dwellings are unfit for human
habitation by reasons of dilapidation, overcrowding,
faulty arrangements and design of such buildings,
narrowness or faulty arrangement of street, lack of
ventilation, light, or sanitation facilities or any
combination of these factors which are detrimental to the
safety and health
Definition of Slum as per Census 2011 of India

5. Name of Institution
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ASAP
A slum is a compact settlement of at least 20
households with a collection of poorly built tenements,
mostly of temporary nature, crowded together usually
with inadequate sanitary and drinking water facilities in
unhygienic conditions.
Definition of Slum as per Committee on Slum
Statistics/ Census, 2010 (under MoHUPA)

6. Name of Institution
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ASAP
A compact area of at least 300 population or about 60-
70 households of poorly built congested tenements, in
unhygienic environment usually with inadequate
infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and
drinking water facilities
Definition of Slum as per PMAY(U) Guidelines,
January 2021 (MoHUA)

7. Name of Institution
7
ASAP
Reasons for the growth of slums in India
•Uneven development in different parts of the country
leading to
 
migration to few urban
centres
 causing pressure of population on their
infrastructure.
•Rapid
 
growth of population and poverty 
force poor
people to live in slums leading to their expansion
 
•Scarcity of land
 
amidst rising population and demand
forcing people to live in congested communities
•High prices of land
 
and
 
high rent
 
in urban areas creates,
dearth of affordable housing forcing people to move to
slums

8. Name of Institution
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ASAP
•Prevalence of black money in the real estate
 
sector
inflates prices and rents
•Lack of urban planning
 
- City development plans fail to take into account future
expansion of cities
-Corruption in local bodies
 lead to
delay in development
of projects related to housing
•Some experts cite lack of political will towards slum
redevelopment as slum becomes contesting grounds of
politics - many slum redevelopment projects are caught in
politics as being favoring big real estate developers, or
encroaching on rights of the poor
Reasons for the growth of slums in India
(contd…)

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ASAP
Issues associated with Slums
•Inadequate Provision of Necessary Amenities
•Overcrowding and High Density
•Substandard Housing/Illegal and Inadequate Building
Structures
•Unhealthy Living Conditions and Hazardous Locations
•Insecure Tenure
•Poverty and Social Exclusion
•Vulnerability of Weaker Sections (women/ children)
•Other Socio-economic Issues (Rate of Infant mortality/ child
marriage/ child labour/ hunger/ malnutrition/ lack of quality of education/
crime/ drug etc.)

10. Name of Institution
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ASAP
Steps taken by Government towards Slum
Redevelopment and Urban Housing
•Slum areas (Improvement and Clearance) Act, (1956):
-The Act
 is intended to provide for the
improvement and
clearance of slum areas in
 certain Union Territories and
for the protection of tenants in such areas from
 eviction. 
-It gives the appropriate authorities to the authority to
declare any location to be a slum in accordance with the
definition, investigate the possibilities of improvement,
or eradicate slums.

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ASAP
•National Slum Development Programme (NSDP)(1996):
-It provided both loans and subsidies to States for slum
rehabilitation projects on the basis of their urban slum
population
•Valmiki Ambedkar Malina Basti AwasYojana (VAMBAY)
(2001):
-It was focused on
 
shelter for the urban poor, with 20% of
total allocation for community sanitation facilities under
the
 
Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan 
(NBA) program.
Steps taken by Government towards Slum
Redevelopment and Urban Housing (contd…)

12. Name of Institution
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ASAP
•Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP) (under
JNNURM, 2005):
-BSUP aimed to provide basic services to urban poor in 63
largest cities in India by population (Mission cities)
•Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme
(IHSDP) (under JNNURM, 2005):
-It was launched by the GoI by merging the schemes of NSDP
and VAMBAY for cities other than the above mission cities.
-Its objective is to provide adequate shelter and basic
infrastructure facilities to the slum dwellers in urban areas
Steps taken by Government towards Slum
Redevelopment and Urban Housing (contd…)

13. Name of Institution
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ASAP
•Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor
(ISHUP) (2009):
-The
 Scheme envisages the provision of 
interest subsidy
 
to
EWS/ LIG to enable them to buy or construct houses.
•Rajiv Awas
 Yojana (RAY) (2013)
:
-It was focused on bringing existing slums within the formal
system and enabling them to avail of the same level of basic
amenities as the rest of the town.
-It also aimed to tackle the shortages of urban land and
housing that kept shelter out of reach of the urban poor.
Town wise/ City wise ‘Slum Free City Plan of Action’
prepared
Steps taken by Government towards Slum
Redevelopment and Urban Housing (contd…)

14. Name of Institution
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ASAP
•Smart City Mission (2015):
-It has its focus on basic amenities, education, health
services, IT accessibility, digitization, e-governance,
sustainable development, safety, and security
•Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation
(AMRUT) (2015):
-It aims to provide basic services (e.g. water supply,
sewerage, urban transport) to households and build amenities
in cities which will improve the quality of life for all, especially
the poor and the disadvantaged
Steps taken by Government towards Slum
Redevelopment and Urban Housing (contd…)

15. Name of Institution
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ASAP
•National Heritage City Development and Augmentation
Yojana 
(HRIDAY) (2015)
:
-It aims to preserve and holistically develop the heritage
cities of India
•Housing for all by 2022 (2015):
-Its objective is to construct houses for slum dwellers under
the slum- rehabilitation scheme and provide loans at
subsidized rates for the economically weaker sections.
-It was initially targeted to implement the scheme by March
2022, now extended upto December 2024
Steps taken by Government towards Slum
Redevelopment and Urban Housing (contd…)

16. Name of Institution
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ASAP
Challenges in Slum Redevelopment
Demand side
•Unmet Demand: The Government of India reports there is a
shortage of about 19 million homes in urban India, 56% of
which are from EWS households with monthly income less
than INR 25,000.
•Limited Access to Financial Resources: The urban poor
lack the access to formal financial resources to help them
purchase new homes or maintain a housing unit even when
subsidy is provided by the Government under Rehabilitation
schemes. Housing Finance Companies are reluctant to serve
the urban poor due to perceived risks (lack of data to assess
risk of poor clients).

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ASAP
Supply Side
•Lack of available urban land: According to UN-HABITAT,
675 million Indians (~43%) will reside in urban areas by
2035.
 Land is in high demand due to
urbanisation.
  Stringent
control over land development generates an artificial urban
land shortage, leading to urban sprawl and corruption in
land licensing.
 Lack of transparent
land transaction
records
 
also add up the search time and costs for
developers. Additionally, a lot of non-marketable state-
owned entities are located in the heart of cities, further
limiting the amount of available land for housing.
Challenges in Slum Redevelopment (contd…)

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ASAP
•Rising Construction Costs: Over the last decade,
construction costs have risen by almost 80%. With rising
material and labour costs, private developers may be
unable to supply inexpensive housing to the market on
their own.
•Regulatory Constraints: Development projects in urban
areas are subject to a long approval process regarding
different aspects from both State and Central level, which
brings about postponement in tasks.
Challenges in Slum Redevelopment (contd…)

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ASAP
•Litigation: The nature of informal settlements leads to
complicated and disputed land rights, leading to
litigation and delays. In addition, entities oppose to
redevelopment projects also resort to litigation e.g., a PIL
has already been filed against Dharavi Slum
Redevelopment Plan, arguing it will impact Mahim Nature
Park, a protected area.
•Illegal subletting: According to Slum Rehabilitation
Agency (SRA), many redeveloped units are illegally
subleased. In the long run, this is counterproductive to
the goal of creating slum free cities.
Challenges in Slum Redevelopment (contd…)

20. Name of Institution
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ASAP
•Environmental sustainability: There are concerns
among urban planners about adding additional housing
on an already over-constrained municipal systems.
Without investing in adding capacity to existing civic
infrastructure for the city, such policies could put undue
burden on the city’s civic amenities, in particular,
utilities directly provided to households, such water and
electricity
Challenges in Slum Redevelopment (contd…)

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ASAP
Approach for Slum Redevelopment
(as suggested by NIUA to GoI)
•Administrative Sustainability: One-size-fit-all model
may not work at a pan-India level. There is a need to
adjust slum redevelopment models according to the local
needs. There is need to
 examine
demand (growth) and
supply (density), as well as financial incentives. Financial
incentives, Floor Space Index (FSI) and Transferable
Developmental Rights (TDR) should be customised
according to local conditions.

22. Name of Institution
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ASAP
•Decentralized Systems: It is associated with
 
de-
centralised infrastructure for sanitation and energy
amenities. Municipalities have typically centralised public
services. Slums lack access to essential services due to
high investment costs, a lack of resources to meet
development and demand, and low-income groups’
refusal to pay taxes and fees.
 
Decentralized
systems 
have the ability to alleviate these challenges
since they are more cost efficient
•Micro financing: Scaling up micro-finance is more
effective in delivering housing funds for the urban poor
Approach for Slum Redevelopment
(as suggested by NIUA to GoI) (contd…)

23. Name of Institution
Beneficiary can take advantage under one component
only
Housing For All under PMAY(U): verticals (extract from PMAY-U
Guidelines)
ASAP

24. Name of Institution
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ASAP
Thank you…