#Machine Drawing Complete lecture notes
2,150 views
164 slides
Feb 09, 2021
Slide 1 of 164
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
About This Presentation
1. Introduction of Machine drawing
2. Machine Drawing convections
3. Drawing of machine elements and
4. Simple parts, popular screw threads
5. Assembly Drawings
Slide Content
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
1 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Lecture Notes on
MACHINE DRAWING
BY
Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
College Name: SREC Nandyal,
Mobile Number: :9573030634,
e-mail: [email protected] &
:[email protected].
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
1 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Lecture Notes on
MACHINE DRAWING
BY
Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
College Name: SREC Nandyal,
Mobile Number: :9573030634,
e-mail: [email protected] &
:[email protected].
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
2 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Textbook and Reference Materials:
K.L. Narayana, P. Kannaiah, and K. Venkata Reddy, "Machine Drawing",
Third Edition, NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) Ltd., New Delhi - 110002,
2006.
K. Venkata Reddy, “Text Book of Engineering Drawing", Second edition, BS
Publications, Hyderabad - 500 095 - A.P, 2008.
Colin H Simmons, and Dennis E Maguire, "Manual of Engineering Drawing",
Second edition, Elsevier Newnes, Burlington MA 01803, 2004.
Class notes handouts
Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO’s)
Knowledge and Understanding:
Student able to learn how to;
Understand the basic methods for machine assembly
Distinguish between the data and instructions used for both working and
assembly drawings
Professionally deduce and sketches both working and assembly drawings
according to the international standards
Intellectual
You will learn how to;
o Motivate your intellectual abilities to imagine and deduce machine parts
and a whole machine from the drawings views.
o Motivate your imagination for producing new ideas and methods in
machine drawings.
o Create new concepts for the design of machine components and also for
assembly of them.
Professional Skills
You will learn how to;
o Practice the standard drawing methods to generate both working and
assembly mechanical drawings.
o Write and specify correctly and according to standards the instructions
and machining marks and the dimensions on mechanical drawings.
General
You will learn how to;
Cooperate to work in groups through small scale projects
Work coherently and successfully as a part of a team.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
2 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Textbook and Reference Materials:
K.L. Narayana, P. Kannaiah, and K. Venkata Reddy, "Machine Drawing",
Third Edition, NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) Ltd., New Delhi - 110002,
2006.
K. Venkata Reddy, “Text Book of Engineering Drawing", Second edition, BS
Publications, Hyderabad - 500 095 - A.P, 2008.
Colin H Simmons, and Dennis E Maguire, "Manual of Engineering Drawing",
Second edition, Elsevier Newnes, Burlington MA 01803, 2004.
Class notes handouts
Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO’s)
Knowledge and Understanding:
Student able to learn how to;
Understand the basic methods for machine assembly
Distinguish between the data and instructions used for both working and
assembly drawings
Professionally deduce and sketches both working and assembly drawings
according to the international standards
Intellectual
You will learn how to;
o Motivate your intellectual abilities to imagine and deduce machine parts
and a whole machine from the drawings views.
o Motivate your imagination for producing new ideas and methods in
machine drawings.
o Create new concepts for the design of machine components and also for
assembly of them.
Professional Skills
You will learn how to;
o Practice the standard drawing methods to generate both working and
assembly mechanical drawings.
o Write and specify correctly and according to standards the instructions
and machining marks and the dimensions on mechanical drawings.
General
You will learn how to;
Cooperate to work in groups through small scale projects
Work coherently and successfully as a part of a team.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
3 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
With the completion of this course students will be able to..
Prepare engineering and working drawings with dimensions and BOM that will
be required during design and development.
Draw representation of materials, common machine elements and parts such as
screw, nuts, bolts, keys, webs, ribs, etc.
Understand types of sections, draw sections of various machine elements, and
realize its importance.
Draw assembly drawings of Machine Tool Parts, Plummer Block, etc.
Course Outline
Problems Sheets will be handed in the class after discussed in the lecture
An extra class will be given to students with Mark “C” every next
Saturday
A term project will be given by Dr. Wael and will be submitted at the end
of the term
Topic UNIT’S HOUR’S
1. Introduction of Machine drawing
2. Machine Drawing convections
1 12
3. Drawing of machine elements and
4. Simple parts, popular screw threads
2 19
5. Assembly Drawings 3 38
Total 03 69
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
3 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
With the completion of this course students will be able to..
Prepare engineering and working drawings with dimensions and BOM that will
be required during design and development.
Draw representation of materials, common machine elements and parts such as
screw, nuts, bolts, keys, webs, ribs, etc.
Understand types of sections, draw sections of various machine elements, and
realize its importance.
Draw assembly drawings of Machine Tool Parts, Plummer Block, etc.
Course Outline
Problems Sheets will be handed in the class after discussed in the lecture
An extra class will be given to students with Mark “C” every next
Saturday
A term project will be given by Dr. Wael and will be submitted at the end
of the term
Topic UNIT’S HOUR’S
1. Introduction of Machine drawing
2. Machine Drawing convections
1 12
3. Drawing of machine elements and
4. Simple parts, popular screw threads
2 19
5. Assembly Drawings 3 38
Total 03 69
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
4 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Drawing Sheet
Trimmed paper of
a size A0 ~ A4.
Standard sheet size
(JIS)
A4 210 x 297
A3 297 x 420
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189
A4
A3
A2
A1
A0
(Dimensions in millimeters)
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
4 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Drawing Sheet
Trimmed paper of
a size A0 ~ A4.
Standard sheet size
(JIS)
A4 210 x 297
A3 297 x 420
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189
A4
A3
A2
A1
A0
(Dimensions in millimeters)
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
5 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Drawing space
Drawing
space
Title block
d
d
c
c
c
Border
lines
1. Type X(A0~A4) 2. Type Y(A4 only)
Orientation of drawing sheet
Title block
Sheet size c (min) d (min)
A4 10 25
A3 10 25
A2 10 25
A1 20 25
A0 20 25
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
5 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Drawing space
Drawing
space
Title block
d
d
c
c
c
Border
lines
1. Type X(A0~A4) 2. Type Y(A4 only)
Orientation of drawing sheet
Title block
Sheet size c (min) d (min)
A4 10 25
A3 10 25
A2 10 25
A1 20 25
A0 20 25
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
6 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Machine Drawing ~ Title Block
TITLE: ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
NAME: p madhuraghava
INSTITUTE: srec
STREAM: ME SHEET NO: 01
ROLLNO: 317 DATE: 05/01/2
020
SCALE MARKS: 10
1: 1 CHECKED BY: pmr
170
63
Type of
LINES
&
their
application
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
6 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Machine Drawing ~ Title Block
TITLE: ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
NAME: p madhuraghava
INSTITUTE: srec
STREAM: ME SHEET NO: 01
ROLLNO: 317 DATE: 05/01/2
020
SCALE MARKS: 10
1: 1 CHECKED BY: pmr
170
63
Type of
LINES
&
their
application
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
7 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Types of lines and their applications
Types of lines and their applications
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
7 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Types of lines and their applications
Types of lines and their applications
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
8 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Drawing Sheet Size
Assembly Drawing
Working Drawing
Points to remember:
Clear
Complete
Facilitate the
-manufacturing method
-measurement method
This information have to be
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
8 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Drawing Sheet Size
Assembly Drawing
Working Drawing
Points to remember:
Clear
Complete
Facilitate the
-manufacturing method
-measurement method
This information have to be
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
9 | P a g e
Machine Drawing DIMENSIONING
Dimensioningis the process of specifying part’ s information (by adding sizeand
locationinformation necessary to manufacture the object) by using of figures,
symbolsand notes.
This information are such as:
1. Sizes and locations of features
2. Material’s type
3. Number required
4. Kind of surface finish
5. Manufacturing process
6. Size and geometric tolerances
This course
EXTENSION LINES
Visible gap
Continuous
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
9 | P a g e
Machine Drawing DIMENSIONING
Dimensioningis the process of specifying part’ s information (by adding sizeand
locationinformation necessary to manufacture the object) by using of figures,
symbolsand notes.
This information are such as:
1. Sizes and locations of features
2. Material’s type
3. Number required
4. Kind of surface finish
5. Manufacturing process
6. Size and geometric tolerances
This course
EXTENSION LINES
Visible gap
Continuous
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
10 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
11 34
Leave a space at least
2 times of a letter height.
16
35
DIMENSION LINES
Leave a space at least
1 time of a letter height.
DIMENSION FIGURES
The height of figures is suggested to be 2.5~3 mm.
Place the numbers at about 1 mm above dimension
lineand between extension lines.
11
34
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
10 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
11 34
Leave a space at least
2 times of a letter height.
16
35
DIMENSION LINES
Leave a space at least
1 time of a letter height.
DIMENSION FIGURES
The height of figures is suggested to be 2.5~3 mm.
Place the numbers at about 1 mm above dimension
lineand between extension lines.
11
34
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
11 | P a g e
Machine Drawing 16.25
16.25
or
DIMENSION FIGURES
When there is not enough space for figure or
arrows, put it outsideeither of the extension lines.
1
Not enough space
for figures
Not enough space
for arrows
1 1
30
30
30
30
3030
30
30
EXAMPLE : Dimension of lengthusing unidirectionalmethod.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
11 | P a g e
Machine Drawing 16.25
16.25
or
DIMENSION FIGURES
When there is not enough space for figure or
arrows, put it outsideeither of the extension lines.
1
Not enough space
for figures
Not enough space
for arrows
1 1
30
30
30
30
3030
30
30
EXAMPLE : Dimension of lengthusing unidirectionalmethod.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
12 | P a g e
Machine Drawing 45
o
45
o
45
o
45
o
45
o
45
o
45
o
45
o
EXAMPLE : Dimension of angleusing unidirectionalmethod.
LOCAL NOTES
Place the notes nearto the feature which they apply, and
should be placed outside the view.
Always read horizontally.
10 Drill
COMMON MISTAKE
10 Drill
≈10mm
10
Drill
Too far
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
12 | P a g e
Machine Drawing 45
o
45
o
45
o
45
o
45
o
45
o
45
o
45
o
EXAMPLE : Dimension of angleusing unidirectionalmethod.
LOCAL NOTES
Place the notes nearto the feature which they apply, and
should be placed outside the view.
Always read horizontally.
10 Drill
COMMON MISTAKE
10 Drill
≈10mm
10
Drill
Too far
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
13 | P a g e
Machine Drawing ANGLE
To dimension an angle use circular dimension linehaving the
center at the vertex of the angle.
COMMON MISTAKE
.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
13 | P a g e
Machine Drawing ANGLE
To dimension an angle use circular dimension linehaving the
center at the vertex of the angle.
COMMON MISTAKE
.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
14 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Unidirectional method
The dimension figures are placed so that they can be read
from the bottomof the drawing.
Do not use both system on the same drawing or on the same
series of drawing (JIS Z8317)
DIMENSION FIGURES : ORIENTATION
ARC
Arcs are dimensioned by giving the radius, in the views in
which their true shapes appear.
The letter “R” is alwayslettered before the figures to emphasize
that this dimension is radius of an arc.
or
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
14 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Unidirectional method
The dimension figures are placed so that they can be read
from the bottomof the drawing.
Do not use both system on the same drawing or on the same
series of drawing (JIS Z8317)
DIMENSION FIGURES : ORIENTATION
ARC
Arcs are dimensioned by giving the radius, in the views in
which their true shapes appear.
The letter “R” is alwayslettered before the figures to emphasize
that this dimension is radius of an arc.
or
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
15 | P a g e
Machine Drawing ARC
The dimension figure and the arrowhead should be insidethe
arc, where there is sufficient space.
R 62.5
Move figure outside
R 6.5
Move both figure
and arrow outside
Sufficient space
for both.
Sufficient space
for arrowhead only.
R 58.5
Insufficient space
for both.
ARC
Leader line mustbe radialand inclined with an angle between
30 ~ 60 degrees to the horizontal.
COMMON MISTAKE
R62.5
R62.5
R62.5
R62.5
R62.5
R62.5
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
15 | P a g e
Machine Drawing ARC
The dimension figure and the arrowhead should be insidethe
arc, where there is sufficient space.
R 62.5
Move figure outside
R 6.5
Move both figure
and arrow outside
Sufficient space
for both.
Sufficient space
for arrowhead only.
R 58.5
Insufficient space
for both.
ARC
Leader line mustbe radialand inclined with an angle between
30 ~ 60 degrees to the horizontal.
COMMON MISTAKE
R62.5
R62.5
R62.5
R62.5
R62.5
R62.5
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
16 | P a g e
Machine Drawing ARC
Use the foreshortened radial dimension line, when arc’ s
center locates outside the sheet or interfere with other views.
Drawing sheet
FILLETS AND ROUNDS
Give the radius of a typical fillet only by using a localnote.
R6.5
Ifallfilletsandroundsareuniforminsize,dimensionmay
beomitted,butitisnecessarytoaddthenote“Allfillets
androundareRxx.”
NOTE:
All fillets and round are R6.5
Drawing sheet
R12
unless otherwise specified.
NOTE:
All fillets and round are R6.5
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
16 | P a g e
Machine Drawing ARC
Use the foreshortened radial dimension line, when arc’ s
center locates outside the sheet or interfere with other views.
Drawing sheet
FILLETS AND ROUNDS
Give the radius of a typical fillet only by using a localnote.
R6.5
Ifallfilletsandroundsareuniforminsize,dimensionmay
beomitted,butitisnecessarytoaddthenote“Allfillets
androundareRxx.”
NOTE:
All fillets and round are R6.5
Drawing sheet
R12
unless otherwise specified.
NOTE:
All fillets and round are R6.5
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
17 | P a g e
Machine Drawing The curve constructed from two or more arcs,
requires the dimensions of radiiand center’s
location.
CURVE
COMMON MISTAKE
Tangent point
HOLES
Size dimensions are diameter anddepth.
Locationdimensionmustbelocatedfromitscenterlinesand
shouldbegivenincircularview.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
17 | P a g e
Machine Drawing The curve constructed from two or more arcs,
requires the dimensions of radiiand center’s
location.
CURVE
COMMON MISTAKE
Tangent point
HOLES
Size dimensions are diameter anddepth.
Locationdimensionmustbelocatedfromitscenterlinesand
shouldbegivenincircularview.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
18 | P a g e
Machine Drawing fxx
Use leader line and local note to specify diameter and hole’s
depthin the circular view.
HOLES : SMALL SIZE
xx Drill, Thru.
1) Through thickness hole
fxx Thru.
or
xx Drill.
or or
fxx, yy Deep
HOLES : SMALL SIZE
or
xx Drill, yy Deep
Hole’s
depth
Useleaderlineandlocalnotetospecifydiameterandhole’s
depthinthecircularview.
2) Blind hole
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
18 | P a g e
Machine Drawing fxx
Use leader line and local note to specify diameter and hole’s
depthin the circular view.
HOLES : SMALL SIZE
xx Drill, Thru.
1) Through thickness hole
fxx Thru.
or
xx Drill.
or or
fxx, yy Deep
HOLES : SMALL SIZE
or
xx Drill, yy Deep
Hole’s
depth
Useleaderlineandlocalnotetospecifydiameterandhole’s
depthinthecircularview.
2) Blind hole
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
19 | P a g e
Machine Drawing fxx
Use extension and
dimension lines
Use diametral
dimension line
Use leader line and
note
HOLES : LARGE SIZE
COMMON MISTAKE
fxx
fxx fxx
Rxx
fxx
HOLES
fxx
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
19 | P a g e
Machine Drawing fxx
Use extension and
dimension lines
Use diametral
dimension line
Use leader line and
note
HOLES : LARGE SIZE
COMMON MISTAKE
fxx
fxx fxx
Rxx
fxx
HOLES
fxx
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
20 | P a g e
Machine Drawing CHAMFER
Use leader line and note to indicate linear distanceand
angleof the chamfer.
S
S q CYLINDER
Size dimensions are diameter andlength.
Measurement
method
Location dimension mustbe located from its
center lines and should begiven in circular view.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
20 | P a g e
Machine Drawing CHAMFER
Use leader line and note to indicate linear distanceand
angleof the chamfer.
S
S q CYLINDER
Size dimensions are diameter andlength.
Measurement
method
Location dimension mustbe located from its
center lines and should begiven in circular view.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
21 | P a g e
Machine Drawing f
100
f
70
CYLINDER
Diameter should begiven in a longitudinal viewwith the
symbol “f” placed before the figures. PROJECTION SYSTEMS
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
21 | P a g e
Machine Drawing f
100
f
70
CYLINDER
Diameter should begiven in a longitudinal viewwith the
symbol “f” placed before the figures. PROJECTION SYSTEMS
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
22 | P a g e
Machine Drawing PROJECTION SYSTEMS
1. Firstangle system
2. Thirdangle system
First Quadrant
Third
Quadrant
-European country
-ISO standard
-Canada, USA,
Japan, Thailand ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
1
st
angle system 3
rd
angle system
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
22 | P a g e
Machine Drawing PROJECTION SYSTEMS
1. Firstangle system
2. Thirdangle system
First Quadrant
Third
Quadrant
-European country
-ISO standard
-Canada, USA,
Japan, Thailand ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
1
st
angle system 3
rd
angle system
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
23 | P a g e
Machine Drawing ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
1
st
angle system 3
rd
angle system
Folding
line
Folding
line
Folding
line
Folding
line
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
23 | P a g e
Machine Drawing ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
1
st
angle system 3
rd
angle system
Folding
line
Folding
line
Folding
line
Folding
line
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
24 | P a g e
Machine Drawing ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
1
st
angle system 3
rd
angle system
Front View
Front View
Right Side View
Right Side View
Top View
Top View First angle system Third angle system
PROJECTION SYMBOLS
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
24 | P a g e
Machine Drawing ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
1
st
angle system 3
rd
angle system
Front View
Front View
Right Side View
Right Side View
Top View
Top View First angle system Third angle system
PROJECTION SYMBOLS
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
25 | P a g e
Machine Drawing VIEW SELECTION STEPS
1. Orient the object to the best position
relativeto a glass box.
2. Select the front view.
3. Select adjacent views. STEP 1 : Orient the Object
The object should be placed in its natural position.
NO !
The object should presents its features in actual
size and shapein orthographic views.
GOOD
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
25 | P a g e
Machine Drawing VIEW SELECTION STEPS
1. Orient the object to the best position
relativeto a glass box.
2. Select the front view.
3. Select adjacent views. STEP 1 : Orient the Object
The object should be placed in its natural position.
NO !
The object should presents its features in actual
size and shapein orthographic views.
GOOD
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
26 | P a g e
Machine Drawing STEP 2 : Select a Front View
The object’s longest dimensionshould be
presented as a width.
Inappropriate
First choice
GOOD
Second choice
Waste more space Inappropriate
The adjacent viewsthat are projected from the
selected front view should appear in its natural
position.
STEP 2 : Select a Front View
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
26 | P a g e
Machine Drawing STEP 2 : Select a Front View
The object’s longest dimensionshould be
presented as a width.
Inappropriate
First choice
GOOD
Second choice
Waste more space Inappropriate
The adjacent viewsthat are projected from the
selected front view should appear in its natural
position.
STEP 2 : Select a Front View
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
27 | P a g e
Machine Drawing STEP 2 : Select a Front View
Choose the view that have the fewest number of
hidden lines.
GOOD Inappropriate STEP 3 : Select an Adjacent View
GOOD
Inappropriate
Inappropriate
GOOD
Choose the view that have the fewest number of
hidden lines.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
27 | P a g e
Machine Drawing STEP 2 : Select a Front View
Choose the view that have the fewest number of
hidden lines.
GOOD Inappropriate STEP 3 : Select an Adjacent View
GOOD
Inappropriate
Inappropriate
GOOD
Choose the view that have the fewest number of
hidden lines.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
28 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Choose the minimumnumber of views that can
represent the major features of the object.
STEP 3 : Select an Adjacent View
Necessary
Necessary
Hole’s location can be
specified on the same view.
Difficult to interprete.
Easy to understand Choose the views that are suitable to a drawing
space.
STEP 3 : Select an Adjacent View
POOR
Not enough space
for dimensioning.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
28 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Choose the minimumnumber of views that can
represent the major features of the object.
STEP 3 : Select an Adjacent View
Necessary
Necessary
Hole’s location can be
specified on the same view.
Difficult to interprete.
Easy to understand Choose the views that are suitable to a drawing
space.
STEP 3 : Select an Adjacent View
POOR
Not enough space
for dimensioning.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
29 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Choose the views that are suitable to a drawing
space.
STEP 3 : Select an Adjacent View
GOOD Classifications of Drawing
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
29 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Choose the views that are suitable to a drawing
space.
STEP 3 : Select an Adjacent View
GOOD Classifications of Drawing
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
30 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Machine Drawing
•Itispertainingtomachinepartsor
components.
•Itispresentedthroughanumberof
orthographicviews,sothatthesizeandshape
ofthecomponentisfullyunderstood.
•Partdrawingsandassemblydrawingsbelong
tothisclassification.
•Anexampleofamachinedrawingisgivenin
Fig.1.1.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
30 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Machine Drawing
•Itispertainingtomachinepartsor
components.
•Itispresentedthroughanumberof
orthographicviews,sothatthesizeandshape
ofthecomponentisfullyunderstood.
•Partdrawingsandassemblydrawingsbelong
tothisclassification.
•Anexampleofamachinedrawingisgivenin
Fig.1.1.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
31 | P a g e
Machine Drawing PRODUCTION DRAWING
•Aproductiondrawing,alsoreferredtoasworking
drawing,shouldfurnishallthedimensions,limitsand
specialfinishingprocessessuchasheattreatment,
honing,lapping,surfacefinish,etc.,
•Toguidethecraftsmanontheshopfloorinproducing
thecomponent.
•Thetitleshouldalsomentionthematerialusedfor
theproduct,numberofpartsrequiredforthe
assembledunit,etc.
•However,insomecasesthedrawingsofrelated
componentsmaybegivenonthesamesheet.Figure
1.2representsanexampleofaproductiondrawing
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
31 | P a g e
Machine Drawing PRODUCTION DRAWING
•Aproductiondrawing,alsoreferredtoasworking
drawing,shouldfurnishallthedimensions,limitsand
specialfinishingprocessessuchasheattreatment,
honing,lapping,surfacefinish,etc.,
•Toguidethecraftsmanontheshopfloorinproducing
thecomponent.
•Thetitleshouldalsomentionthematerialusedfor
theproduct,numberofpartsrequiredforthe
assembledunit,etc.
•However,insomecasesthedrawingsofrelated
componentsmaybegivenonthesamesheet.Figure
1.2representsanexampleofaproductiondrawing
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
32 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Assembly Drawing
•Adrawingthatshowsthevariouspartsofa
machineintheircorrectworkinglocationsis
anassemblydrawing(Fig.1.3).Thereare
severaltypesofsuchdrawings.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
32 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Assembly Drawing
•Adrawingthatshowsthevariouspartsofa
machineintheircorrectworkinglocationsis
anassemblydrawing(Fig.1.3).Thereare
severaltypesofsuchdrawings.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
33 | P a g e
Machine Drawing DESIGN ASSEMBLY DRAWING
•Whenamachineisdesigned,anassembly
drawingoradesignlayoutisfirstdrawnto
clearlyvisualisetheperformance,shapeand
clearancesofvariouspartscomprisingthe
machine. DETAILED ASSEMBLY DRAWING
•Itisusuallymadeforsimplemachines,
comprisingofarelativelysmallernumberof
simpleparts.
•Allthedimensionsandinformationnecessary
fortheconstructionofsuchpartsandforthe
assemblyofthepartsaregivendirectlyonthe
assemblydrawing.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
33 | P a g e
Machine Drawing DESIGN ASSEMBLY DRAWING
•Whenamachineisdesigned,anassembly
drawingoradesignlayoutisfirstdrawnto
clearlyvisualisetheperformance,shapeand
clearancesofvariouspartscomprisingthe
machine. DETAILED ASSEMBLY DRAWING
•Itisusuallymadeforsimplemachines,
comprisingofarelativelysmallernumberof
simpleparts.
•Allthedimensionsandinformationnecessary
fortheconstructionofsuchpartsandforthe
assemblyofthepartsaregivendirectlyonthe
assemblydrawing.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
34 | P a g e
Machine Drawing SUB-ASSEMBLY DRAWING
•Manyassembliessuchasanautomobile,lathe,
etc.,areassembledwithmanypre-assembled
componentsaswellasindividualparts.
•Thesepre-assembledunitsareknownassub-
assemblies.
•Asub-assemblydrawingisanassemblydrawing
ofagroupofrelatedparts,thatformapartina
morecomplicatedmachine.
•Examplesofsuchdrawingsare:lathetail-stock,
dieselenginefuelpump,carburettor,etc. INSTALLATION ASSEMBLY
•Onthisdrawing,thelocationanddimensions
offewimportantpartsandoveralldimensions
oftheassembledunitareindicated.
•Thisdrawingprovidesusefulinformationfor
assemblingthemachine,asthisdrawing
revealsallpartsofamachineintheircorrect
workingposition.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
34 | P a g e
Machine Drawing SUB-ASSEMBLY DRAWING
•Manyassembliessuchasanautomobile,lathe,
etc.,areassembledwithmanypre-assembled
componentsaswellasindividualparts.
•Thesepre-assembledunitsareknownassub-
assemblies.
•Asub-assemblydrawingisanassemblydrawing
ofagroupofrelatedparts,thatformapartina
morecomplicatedmachine.
•Examplesofsuchdrawingsare:lathetail-stock,
dieselenginefuelpump,carburettor,etc. INSTALLATION ASSEMBLY
•Onthisdrawing,thelocationanddimensions
offewimportantpartsandoveralldimensions
oftheassembledunitareindicated.
•Thisdrawingprovidesusefulinformationfor
assemblingthemachine,asthisdrawing
revealsallpartsofamachineintheircorrect
workingposition.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
35 | P a g e
Machine Drawing ASSEMBLY DRAWINGS FOR
CATALOGUES
•Specialassemblydrawingsarepreparedfor
companycatalogues.Thesedrawingsshow
onlythepertinentdetailsanddimensionsthat
wouldinterestthepotentialbuyer.
•Figure1.4showsatypicalcataloguedrawing,
showingtheoverallandprincipaldimensions.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
35 | P a g e
Machine Drawing ASSEMBLY DRAWINGS FOR
CATALOGUES
•Specialassemblydrawingsarepreparedfor
companycatalogues.Thesedrawingsshow
onlythepertinentdetailsanddimensionsthat
wouldinterestthepotentialbuyer.
•Figure1.4showsatypicalcataloguedrawing,
showingtheoverallandprincipaldimensions.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
36 | P a g e
Machine Drawing ASSEMBLY DRAWINGS FOR
INSTRUCTION MANUELS
•Thesedrawingsintheformofassembly
drawings,aretobeusedwhenamachine,
shippedawayinassembledcondition,is
knockeddowninordertocheckalltheparts
beforereassemblyandinstallationelsewhere.
•Thesedrawingshaveeachcomponent
numberedonthejob.Figure1.5showsatypical
exampleofsuchadrawing.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
36 | P a g e
Machine Drawing ASSEMBLY DRAWINGS FOR
INSTRUCTION MANUELS
•Thesedrawingsintheformofassembly
drawings,aretobeusedwhenamachine,
shippedawayinassembledcondition,is
knockeddowninordertocheckalltheparts
beforereassemblyandinstallationelsewhere.
•Thesedrawingshaveeachcomponent
numberedonthejob.Figure1.5showsatypical
exampleofsuchadrawing.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
37 | P a g e
Machine Drawing EXPLODED ASSEMBLY DRAWING
•Insomecases,explodedpictorialviewsare
suppliedtomeetinstructionmanual
requirements.
•Thesedrawingsgenerallyfindaplaceintheparts
listsectionofacompanyinstructionmanual.
•Figure1.6showsdrawingsofthistypewhichmay
beeasilyunderstoodevenbythosewithless
experienceinthereadingofdrawings;becausein
theseexplodedviews,thepartsarepositionedin
thesequenceofassembly,butseparatedfrom
eachother.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
37 | P a g e
Machine Drawing EXPLODED ASSEMBLY DRAWING
•Insomecases,explodedpictorialviewsare
suppliedtomeetinstructionmanual
requirements.
•Thesedrawingsgenerallyfindaplaceintheparts
listsectionofacompanyinstructionmanual.
•Figure1.6showsdrawingsofthistypewhichmay
beeasilyunderstoodevenbythosewithless
experienceinthereadingofdrawings;becausein
theseexplodedviews,thepartsarepositionedin
thesequenceofassembly,butseparatedfrom
eachother.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
38 | P a g e
Machine Drawing SCHEMATIC ASSEMBLY DRAWINGS
•Itisverydifficulttounderstandtheoperating
principlesofcomplicatedmachinery,merelyfrom
theassemblydrawings.
•Schematicrepresentationoftheunitfacilitates
easyunderstandingofitsoperatingprinciple.
•Itisasimplifiedillustrationofthemachineorofa
system,replacingalltheelements,bytheir
respectiveconventionalrepresentations.
•Figure1.7showstheschematicrepresentationof
agearingdiagram.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
38 | P a g e
Machine Drawing SCHEMATIC ASSEMBLY DRAWINGS
•Itisverydifficulttounderstandtheoperating
principlesofcomplicatedmachinery,merelyfrom
theassemblydrawings.
•Schematicrepresentationoftheunitfacilitates
easyunderstandingofitsoperatingprinciple.
•Itisasimplifiedillustrationofthemachineorofa
system,replacingalltheelements,bytheir
respectiveconventionalrepresentations.
•Figure1.7showstheschematicrepresentationof
agearingdiagram.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
39 | P a g e
Machine Drawing MACHINE SHOP DRAWING
•Roughcastingsandforgingsaresenttothe
machineshopforfinishingoperation(Fig.1.8).
•Sincethemachinistisnotinterestedinthe
dimensionsandinformationoftheprevious
stages,amachineshopdrawingfrequentlygives
onlytheinformationnecessaryformachining.
•Basedonthesameprinciple,onemayhaveforge
shopdrawing,patternshopdrawing,sheetmetal
drawing,etc.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
39 | P a g e
Machine Drawing MACHINE SHOP DRAWING
•Roughcastingsandforgingsaresenttothe
machineshopforfinishingoperation(Fig.1.8).
•Sincethemachinistisnotinterestedinthe
dimensionsandinformationoftheprevious
stages,amachineshopdrawingfrequentlygives
onlytheinformationnecessaryformachining.
•Basedonthesameprinciple,onemayhaveforge
shopdrawing,patternshopdrawing,sheetmetal
drawing,etc.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
40 | P a g e
Machine Drawing PATENT DRAWING
•When new machines or devices are invented, patent
drawings come into existence, to illustrate and explain
the invention.
•Thesearepictorialdrawingsandmustbeself-
explanatory.Itisessentialthatthepatentdrawingsare
mechanicallycorrectandincludecompleteillustrations
ofeverydetailoftheinvention.
•However,theyarenotusefulforproductionpurposes.
•Thesalientfeaturesonthedrawingarenumberedfor
identificationandcompletedescription Convectional Representation
•Certain draughting conventions are used to
represent materials in section and machine
elements in engineering drawings.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
40 | P a g e
Machine Drawing PATENT DRAWING
•When new machines or devices are invented, patent
drawings come into existence, to illustrate and explain
the invention.
•Thesearepictorialdrawingsandmustbeself-
explanatory.Itisessentialthatthepatentdrawingsare
mechanicallycorrectandincludecompleteillustrations
ofeverydetailoftheinvention.
•However,theyarenotusefulforproductionpurposes.
•Thesalientfeaturesonthedrawingarenumberedfor
identificationandcompletedescription Convectional Representation
•Certain draughting conventions are used to
represent materials in section and machine
elements in engineering drawings.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
41 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Material
•Asavarietyofmaterialsareusedformachine
componentsinengineeringapplications,
•itispreferabletohavedifferentconventions
ofsectionliningtodifferentiatebetween
variousmaterials.
•Therecommendedconventionsinuseare
shownin. Machine components
•Whenthedrawingofacomponentinitstrue
projectioninvolvesalotoftime,its
conventionmaybeusedtorepresentthe
actualcomponent.
•Figure2.27showstypicalexamplesof
conventionalrepresentationofvarious
machinecomponentsusedinengineering
drawing.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
41 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Material
•Asavarietyofmaterialsareusedformachine
componentsinengineeringapplications,
•itispreferabletohavedifferentconventions
ofsectionliningtodifferentiatebetween
variousmaterials.
•Therecommendedconventionsinuseare
shownin. Machine components
•Whenthedrawingofacomponentinitstrue
projectioninvolvesalotoftime,its
conventionmaybeusedtorepresentthe
actualcomponent.
•Figure2.27showstypicalexamplesof
conventionalrepresentationofvarious
machinecomponentsusedinengineering
drawing.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
42 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Conventional representation of
materials Conventional representation of
machine component
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
42 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Conventional representation of
materials Conventional representation of
machine component
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
43 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Conventional representation of
machine component
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
43 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Conventional representation of
machine component
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
44 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
44 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
45 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Standard abbreviations
•Standardabbreviationsindraughtingare
recommendedasnotestoprovideabriefand
clearinstructions.
•Table2.9providesthedraughting
abbreviationsforgeneraltermsandTable2.10
representsmaterialabbreviations.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
45 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Standard abbreviations
•Standardabbreviationsindraughtingare
recommendedasnotestoprovideabriefand
clearinstructions.
•Table2.9providesthedraughting
abbreviationsforgeneraltermsandTable2.10
representsmaterialabbreviations.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
46 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
46 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
47 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Abbreviations for materials
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
47 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Abbreviations for materials
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
48 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Threaded Fasteners
UNIT-2
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
48 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Threaded Fasteners
UNIT-2
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
49 | P a g e
Machine Drawing FASTENER
•Amachineelementusedforholdingorjoining
twoormorepartsofamachineorstructureis
knownasafastener.
•Theprocessofjoiningthepartsiscalled
fastening.
•Thefastenersareoftwotypes:permanent
andremovable(temporary).Rivetingand
weldingprocessesareusedforfastening
permanently. •Screwedfastenerssuchasbolts,studsandnutsin
combination,machinescrews,setscrews,etc.,and
keys,cotters,couplings,etc.,areusedforfastening
componentsthatrequirefrequentassemblyand
dissembly.
•Screwedfastenersoccupythemostprominentplace
amongtheremovablefasteners.
•Ingeneral,screwedfastenersareused:
•(i)toholdpartstogether,
•(ii)toadjustpartswithreferencetoeachotherand
•(iii)totransmitpower
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
49 | P a g e
Machine Drawing FASTENER
•Amachineelementusedforholdingorjoining
twoormorepartsofamachineorstructureis
knownasafastener.
•Theprocessofjoiningthepartsiscalled
fastening.
•Thefastenersareoftwotypes:permanent
andremovable(temporary).Rivetingand
weldingprocessesareusedforfastening
permanently. •Screwedfastenerssuchasbolts,studsandnutsin
combination,machinescrews,setscrews,etc.,and
keys,cotters,couplings,etc.,areusedforfastening
componentsthatrequirefrequentassemblyand
dissembly.
•Screwedfastenersoccupythemostprominentplace
amongtheremovablefasteners.
•Ingeneral,screwedfastenersareused:
•(i)toholdpartstogether,
•(ii)toadjustpartswithreferencetoeachotherand
•(iii)totransmitpower
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
50 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Ascrewthreadisobtainedbycuttinga
continuoushelicalgrooveonacylindrical
surface(externalthread).
•Thethreadedportionengageswitha
correspondingthreadedhole(internal
thread);formingascrewedfastener.
•Followingarethetermsthatareassociated
withscrewthreads(Fig.5.1). Screw thread nomenclature
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
50 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Ascrewthreadisobtainedbycuttinga
continuoushelicalgrooveonacylindrical
surface(externalthread).
•Thethreadedportionengageswitha
correspondingthreadedhole(internal
thread);formingascrewedfastener.
•Followingarethetermsthatareassociated
withscrewthreads(Fig.5.1). Screw thread nomenclature
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
51 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •1.Major(nominal)diameterThisisthe
largestdiameterofascrewthread,touching
thecrestsonanexternalthreadortheroots
ofaninternalthread. •2.Minor(core)diameterThisisthesmallest
diameterofascrewthread,touchingtheroots
orcoreofanexternalthread(rootorcore
diameter)orthecrestsofaninternalthread.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
51 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •1.Major(nominal)diameterThisisthe
largestdiameterofascrewthread,touching
thecrestsonanexternalthreadortheroots
ofaninternalthread. •2.Minor(core)diameterThisisthesmallest
diameterofascrewthread,touchingtheroots
orcoreofanexternalthread(rootorcore
diameter)orthecrestsofaninternalthread.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
52 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •3.PitchdiameterThisisthediameterofan
imaginarycylinder,passingthroughthethreads
atthepointswherethethreadwidthisequalto
thespacebetweenthethreads.
•4.PitchItisthedistancemeasuredparallelto
theaxis,betweencorrespondingpointson
adjacentscrewthreads.
•5.LeadItisthedistanceascrewadvancesaxially
inoneturn.
•6.FlankFlankisthestraightportionofthe
surface,oneithersideofthescrewthread. •7.CrestItisthepeakedgeofascrewthread,
thatconnectstheadjacentflanksatthetop.
•8.RootItisthebottomedgeofthethread
thatconnectstheadjacentflanksatthe
bottom.
•9.ThreadangleThisistheangleincluded
betweentheflanksofthethread,measuredin
anaxialplane.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
52 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •3.PitchdiameterThisisthediameterofan
imaginarycylinder,passingthroughthethreads
atthepointswherethethreadwidthisequalto
thespacebetweenthethreads.
•4.PitchItisthedistancemeasuredparallelto
theaxis,betweencorrespondingpointson
adjacentscrewthreads.
•5.LeadItisthedistanceascrewadvancesaxially
inoneturn.
•6.FlankFlankisthestraightportionofthe
surface,oneithersideofthescrewthread. •7.CrestItisthepeakedgeofascrewthread,
thatconnectstheadjacentflanksatthetop.
•8.RootItisthebottomedgeofthethread
thatconnectstheadjacentflanksatthe
bottom.
•9.ThreadangleThisistheangleincluded
betweentheflanksofthethread,measuredin
anaxialplane.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
53 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Forms of threads •=d–1.08PItmaybenotedfromthefigure
thatinordertoavoidsharpcorners,thebasic
profileisroundedattheroot(minordiameter)
ofthedesignprofileofanexternalthread.
Similarly,inthecaseofinternalthread,
roundingisdoneattheroot(majordiameter)
ofthedesignprofile.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
53 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Forms of threads •=d–1.08PItmaybenotedfromthefigure
thatinordertoavoidsharpcorners,thebasic
profileisroundedattheroot(minordiameter)
ofthedesignprofileofanexternalthread.
Similarly,inthecaseofinternalthread,
roundingisdoneattheroot(majordiameter)
ofthedesignprofile.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
54 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Other thread profiles
•ApartfromISOmetricscrewthreadprofile,
thereareotherprofilesinusetomeetvarious
applications.TheseprofilesareshowninFig.
5.3,thecharacteristicsandapplicationsof
whicharediscussedbelow: V thread sharp thread
•Thisthreadprofilehasalargercontactarea,
providingmorefrictionalresistancetomotion.
Hence,itisusedwhereeffectivepositioningis
required.Itisalsousedinbrasspipework.
•
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
54 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Other thread profiles
•ApartfromISOmetricscrewthreadprofile,
thereareotherprofilesinusetomeetvarious
applications.TheseprofilesareshowninFig.
5.3,thecharacteristicsandapplicationsof
whicharediscussedbelow: V thread sharp thread
•Thisthreadprofilehasalargercontactarea,
providingmorefrictionalresistancetomotion.
Hence,itisusedwhereeffectivepositioningis
required.Itisalsousedinbrasspipework.
•
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
55 | P a g e
Machine Drawing British standard white worth thread
(BSW)
•ThisthreadformisadoptedinBritainininch
units.Theprofilehasroundedends,makingit
lessliabletodamagethansharpV-thread. Buttress thread
•ThisthreadisacombinationofV-andsquare
threads.Itexhibitstheadvantagesofsquare
thread,liketheabilitytotransmitpowerand
lowfrictionalresistance,withthestrengthof
theV-thread.
•Itisusedwherepowertransmissiontakes
placeinonedirectiononlysuchasscrew
press,quickactingcarpenter’svice,etc.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
55 | P a g e
Machine Drawing British standard white worth thread
(BSW)
•ThisthreadformisadoptedinBritainininch
units.Theprofilehasroundedends,makingit
lessliabletodamagethansharpV-thread. Buttress thread
•ThisthreadisacombinationofV-andsquare
threads.Itexhibitstheadvantagesofsquare
thread,liketheabilitytotransmitpowerand
lowfrictionalresistance,withthestrengthof
theV-thread.
•Itisusedwherepowertransmissiontakes
placeinonedirectiononlysuchasscrew
press,quickactingcarpenter’svice,etc.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
56 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
56 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
57 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Square thread
•Squarethreadisanidealthreadformfor
powertransmission.
•Inthis,asthethreadflankisatrightangleto
theaxis,thenormalforcebetweenthe
threads,actsparalleltotheaxis,withzero
radialcomponent.
•Thisenablesthenuttotransmitveryhigh
pressures,asinthecaseofascrewjackand
othersimilarapplications.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
57 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Square thread
•Squarethreadisanidealthreadformfor
powertransmission.
•Inthis,asthethreadflankisatrightangleto
theaxis,thenormalforcebetweenthe
threads,actsparalleltotheaxis,withzero
radialcomponent.
•Thisenablesthenuttotransmitveryhigh
pressures,asinthecaseofascrewjackand
othersimilarapplications.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
58 | P a g e
Machine Drawing ACME Thread
•Itisamodifiedformofsquarethread.
•Itismuchstrongerthansquarethread
becauseofthewiderbaseanditiseasytocut.
•Theinclinedsidesofthethreadfacilitate
quickandeasyengagementand
disengagementasforexample,thesplitnut
withtheleadscrewofalathe.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
58 | P a g e
Machine Drawing ACME Thread
•Itisamodifiedformofsquarethread.
•Itismuchstrongerthansquarethread
becauseofthewiderbaseanditiseasytocut.
•Theinclinedsidesofthethreadfacilitate
quickandeasyengagementand
disengagementasforexample,thesplitnut
withtheleadscrewofalathe.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
59 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Worm thread
•Worm thread is similar to the ACME thread,
but is deeper. It is used on shafts to carry
power to worm wheels. Thread series
•BISrecommendstwothreadseries:coarseseries
andfineseries,basedontherelativevaluesof
thepitches.
•However,itmustbenotedthattheconceptof
qualityisnotassociatedwiththeseterms.
•Foranyparticulardiameter,thereisonlyone
largestpitch,calledthecoarsepitchandtherest
aredesignatedasfinepitches.
•Table5.1givesthenominaldiameterandpitch
combinationsforcoarseandfineseriesofISO
metricscrewthreads.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
59 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Worm thread
•Worm thread is similar to the ACME thread,
but is deeper. It is used on shafts to carry
power to worm wheels. Thread series
•BISrecommendstwothreadseries:coarseseries
andfineseries,basedontherelativevaluesof
thepitches.
•However,itmustbenotedthattheconceptof
qualityisnotassociatedwiththeseterms.
•Foranyparticulardiameter,thereisonlyone
largestpitch,calledthecoarsepitchandtherest
aredesignatedasfinepitches.
•Table5.1givesthenominaldiameterandpitch
combinationsforcoarseandfineseriesofISO
metricscrewthreads.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
60 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Thread designation
•The diameter-pitch combination of an ISO
metric screw thread is designated by the letter
‘M’ followed by the value of the nominal
diameter and pitch, the two values being
separated by the sign ‘×’.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
60 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Thread designation
•The diameter-pitch combination of an ISO
metric screw thread is designated by the letter
‘M’ followed by the value of the nominal
diameter and pitch, the two values being
separated by the sign ‘×’.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
61 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Forexample,adiameterpitchcombinationof
nominaldiameter10mmandpitch1.25mm
isdesignatedasM10×1.25.
•Ifthereisnoindicationofpitchinthe
designation,itshallmeanthecoarsepitch.
•Forexample,M10meansthatthenominal
diameterofthethreadis10mmand
pitchis1.5mm. •Followingaretheotherdesignations,
dependingontheshapeofthethreadprofile:
SQ40×10–SQUAREthreadofnominal
diameter40mmandpitch10mm
•ACME40×8–ACMEthreadofnominal
diameter40mmandpitch8mm
•WORM40×10–WORMthreadofnominal
diameter40mmandpitch10mm
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
61 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Forexample,adiameterpitchcombinationof
nominaldiameter10mmandpitch1.25mm
isdesignatedasM10×1.25.
•Ifthereisnoindicationofpitchinthe
designation,itshallmeanthecoarsepitch.
•Forexample,M10meansthatthenominal
diameterofthethreadis10mmand
pitchis1.5mm. •Followingaretheotherdesignations,
dependingontheshapeofthethreadprofile:
SQ40×10–SQUAREthreadofnominal
diameter40mmandpitch10mm
•ACME40×8–ACMEthreadofnominal
diameter40mmandpitch8mm
•WORM40×10–WORMthreadofnominal
diameter40mmandpitch10mm
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
62 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Multi starts threads
•Asingle-startthreadconsistsofasingle,
continuoushelicalgrooveforwhichtheleadis
equaltothepitch.
•Asthedepthofthethreaddependsonthepitch,
greatertheleaddesired,greaterwillbethepitch
andhencesmallerwillbethecorediameter,
reducingthestrengthofthefastener.
•Toovercomethisdrawback,multi-startthreads
arerecommended.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
62 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Multi starts threads
•Asingle-startthreadconsistsofasingle,
continuoushelicalgrooveforwhichtheleadis
equaltothepitch.
•Asthedepthofthethreaddependsonthepitch,
greatertheleaddesired,greaterwillbethepitch
andhencesmallerwillbethecorediameter,
reducingthestrengthofthefastener.
•Toovercomethisdrawback,multi-startthreads
arerecommended.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
63 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Inmulti-startthreads,leadmaybeincreased
byincreasingthenumberofstarts,without
increasingthepitch.
•Foradoublestartthread,leadisequalto
twicethepitchandforatriplestartthread,
leadisequaltothricethepitch. •Indoublestartthreads,twothreadsarecut
separately,startingatpoints,diametrically
oppositetoeachother.
•Intriplestartthreads,thestartingpointsare
120°apartonthecircumferenceofthe
screws.Multi-startthreadsarealsoused
whereverquickactionisdesired,asin
fountainpens,automobilestarters,arbor
pressspindles,hydraulicvalvespindles,etc.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
63 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Inmulti-startthreads,leadmaybeincreased
byincreasingthenumberofstarts,without
increasingthepitch.
•Foradoublestartthread,leadisequalto
twicethepitchandforatriplestartthread,
leadisequaltothricethepitch. •Indoublestartthreads,twothreadsarecut
separately,startingatpoints,diametrically
oppositetoeachother.
•Intriplestartthreads,thestartingpointsare
120°apartonthecircumferenceofthe
screws.Multi-startthreadsarealsoused
whereverquickactionisdesired,asin
fountainpens,automobilestarters,arbor
pressspindles,hydraulicvalvespindles,etc.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
64 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Screwedfastenerssuchasbolts,studsandnutsin
combination,machinescrews,setscrews,etc.,and
keys,cotters,couplings,etc.,areusedforfastening
componentsthatrequirefrequentassemblyand
dissembly.
•Screwedfastenersoccupythemostprominentplace
amongtheremovablefasteners.
•Ingeneral,screwedfastenersareused:
•(i)toholdpartstogether,
•(ii)toadjustpartswithreferencetoeachotherand
•(iii)totransmitpower Bolted joint
•A bolt and nut in combination (Fig.) is a fastening
device used to hold two parts together.
•The body of the bolt, called shank is cylindrical in
form, the head; square or hexagonal in shape, is
formed by forging.
•Screw threads are cut on the other end of the
shank.
•Nuts in general are square or hexagonal in shape.
•The nuts with internal threads engage with the
corresponding size of the external threads of the
bolt.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
64 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Screwedfastenerssuchasbolts,studsandnutsin
combination,machinescrews,setscrews,etc.,and
keys,cotters,couplings,etc.,areusedforfastening
componentsthatrequirefrequentassemblyand
dissembly.
•Screwedfastenersoccupythemostprominentplace
amongtheremovablefasteners.
•Ingeneral,screwedfastenersareused:
•(i)toholdpartstogether,
•(ii)toadjustpartswithreferencetoeachotherand
•(iii)totransmitpower Bolted joint
•A bolt and nut in combination (Fig.) is a fastening
device used to hold two parts together.
•The body of the bolt, called shank is cylindrical in
form, the head; square or hexagonal in shape, is
formed by forging.
•Screw threads are cut on the other end of the
shank.
•Nuts in general are square or hexagonal in shape.
•The nuts with internal threads engage with the
corresponding size of the external threads of the
bolt.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
65 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •However, there are other forms of nuts used to suit
specific requirements. For nuts, hexagonal shape is
preferred to the square one, as it is easy to tighten
even in a limited space.
•This is because, with only one-sixth of a turn, the
spanner can be re-introduced in the same position.
•However,squarenutsareusedwhenfrequent
looseningandtighteningisrequired,forexampleon
jobholdingdeviceslikevices,toolpostsinmachines,
etc.Thesharpcornersontheheadofboltsandnuts
areremovedbychamfering.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
65 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •However, there are other forms of nuts used to suit
specific requirements. For nuts, hexagonal shape is
preferred to the square one, as it is easy to tighten
even in a limited space.
•This is because, with only one-sixth of a turn, the
spanner can be re-introduced in the same position.
•However,squarenutsareusedwhenfrequent
looseningandtighteningisrequired,forexampleon
jobholdingdeviceslikevices,toolpostsinmachines,
etc.Thesharpcornersontheheadofboltsandnuts
areremovedbychamfering.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
66 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Methods of Hexagonal bolt head or
nut
•Drawinghexagonalboltheadornut,tothe
exactdimensionsislaboriousandtime
consuming.
•Moreover,asstandardboltsandnutsare
used,itisnotnecessarytodrawthem
accurately.
•Thefollowingapproximatemethodsareused
tosavethedraughtingtime: Method-1
•Empirical relations :
•Major or nominal diameter of bolt = D
Thickness of nut, T = D
•Width of nut across flat surfaces,
•W = 1.5D + 3 mm Radius of chamfer,
•R = 1.5D
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
66 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Methods of Hexagonal bolt head or
nut
•Drawinghexagonalboltheadornut,tothe
exactdimensionsislaboriousandtime
consuming.
•Moreover,asstandardboltsandnutsare
used,itisnotnecessarytodrawthem
accurately.
•Thefollowingapproximatemethodsareused
tosavethedraughtingtime: Method-1
•Empirical relations :
•Major or nominal diameter of bolt = D
Thickness of nut, T = D
•Width of nut across flat surfaces,
•W = 1.5D + 3 mm Radius of chamfer,
•R = 1.5D
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
67 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Procedure
•1.Drawtheviewfromabovebydrawingacircleof
diameter,Wanddescribearegularhexagononit,by
keepinganytwoparallelsidesofthehexagon,horizontal.
•2.Projecttheviewfromthefront,andtheviewfromside,
andmarktheheightequaltoD.
•3.WithradiusR,drawthechamferarc2-1-3passing
throughthepoint1inthefrontface.
•4.Markpoints4and5,lyingin-linewith2and3.
•5.Locatepoints8,9onthetopsurface,byprojectingfrom
theviewfromabove.
•6.Drawthechamfers4–8and5–9.
•
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
67 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Procedure
•1.Drawtheviewfromabovebydrawingacircleof
diameter,Wanddescribearegularhexagononit,by
keepinganytwoparallelsidesofthehexagon,horizontal.
•2.Projecttheviewfromthefront,andtheviewfromside,
andmarktheheightequaltoD.
•3.WithradiusR,drawthechamferarc2-1-3passing
throughthepoint1inthefrontface.
•4.Markpoints4and5,lyingin-linewith2and3.
•5.Locatepoints8,9onthetopsurface,byprojectingfrom
theviewfromabove.
•6.Drawthechamfers4–8and5–9.
•
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
68 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •7.Locatepoints6and7,lyingatthemiddleoftheoutertwofaces.
•8.Drawcirculararcspassingthroughthepoints4,6,2and3,7,5,
afterdeterminingtheradiusR1geometrically.
•9.Projecttheviewfromthesideandlocatepoints10,11and12.
•10.Markpoints13and14,lyingatthemiddleofthetwofaces
(viewfromtheside).
•11.Drawcirculararcspassingthroughthepoints10,13,11and11,
14,12,afterdeterminingtheradiusR2geometrically.
•Itmaybenotedthatintheviewfromthefront,theupperouter
cornersappearchamfered.Intheviewfromtheside,whereonly
twofacesareseen,thecornersappearsquare. Method-2
•Empiricalrelations:Majorornominaldiameter
ofbolt=DThicknessofnut,T=D
•Widthofthenutacrosscorners=2DRadiusof
chamferarc,R=1.5DFigure5.13illustratesthe
stagesofdrawingdifferentviewsofahexagonal
nut,followingtheaboverelations,whichareself-
explanatory
•Theabovemethodmaybefollowedinroutine
drawingwork,asithelpsindrawingtheviews
quickly.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
68 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •7.Locatepoints6and7,lyingatthemiddleoftheoutertwofaces.
•8.Drawcirculararcspassingthroughthepoints4,6,2and3,7,5,
afterdeterminingtheradiusR1geometrically.
•9.Projecttheviewfromthesideandlocatepoints10,11and12.
•10.Markpoints13and14,lyingatthemiddleofthetwofaces
(viewfromtheside).
•11.Drawcirculararcspassingthroughthepoints10,13,11and11,
14,12,afterdeterminingtheradiusR2geometrically.
•Itmaybenotedthatintheviewfromthefront,theupperouter
cornersappearchamfered.Intheviewfromtheside,whereonly
twofacesareseen,thecornersappearsquare. Method-2
•Empiricalrelations:Majorornominaldiameter
ofbolt=DThicknessofnut,T=D
•Widthofthenutacrosscorners=2DRadiusof
chamferarc,R=1.5DFigure5.13illustratesthe
stagesofdrawingdifferentviewsofahexagonal
nut,followingtheaboverelations,whichareself-
explanatory
•Theabovemethodmaybefollowedinroutine
drawingwork,asithelpsindrawingtheviews
quickly.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
69 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Method of drawing square nut
•Asquareboltheadandnutmaybedrawn,
showingeitheracrossflatsorcorners.
•Followingrelationsmaybeadoptedforthe
purpose
•Majorornominaldiameterofbolt=DThickness
ofnut,T=DWidthofthenutacrossflats,W=
1.5D+3mmRadiusofchamferarc,R=2D
Figure5.14illustratesthemethodofdrawing
viewsofasquarenut,intwoorientations.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
69 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Method of drawing square nut
•Asquareboltheadandnutmaybedrawn,
showingeitheracrossflatsorcorners.
•Followingrelationsmaybeadoptedforthe
purpose
•Majorornominaldiameterofbolt=DThickness
ofnut,T=DWidthofthenutacrossflats,W=
1.5D+3mmRadiusofchamferarc,R=2D
Figure5.14illustratesthemethodofdrawing
viewsofasquarenut,intwoorientations.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
70 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Hexagonal and square headed bolts
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
70 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Hexagonal and square headed bolts
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
71 | P a g e
Machine Drawing washers
•Awasherisacylindricalpieceofmetalwitha
holetoreceivethebolt.
•Itisusedtogiveaperfectseatingforthenutand
todistributethetighteningforceuniformlytothe
partsunderthejoint.
•Italsopreventsthenutfromdamagingthemetal
surfaceunderthejoint.
•Figure5.16showsawasher,withtheproportions
marked.
•Figure5.17illustratestheviewsofahexagonal
headedboltwithanutandawasherinposition.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
71 | P a g e
Machine Drawing washers
•Awasherisacylindricalpieceofmetalwitha
holetoreceivethebolt.
•Itisusedtogiveaperfectseatingforthenutand
todistributethetighteningforceuniformlytothe
partsunderthejoint.
•Italsopreventsthenutfromdamagingthemetal
surfaceunderthejoint.
•Figure5.16showsawasher,withtheproportions
marked.
•Figure5.17illustratestheviewsofahexagonal
headedboltwithanutandawasherinposition.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
72 | P a g e
Machine Drawing FOUNDATION BOLTS
•Foundation bolts are used for fixing machines to their
foundations.
•Foundation bolts are made by forging from mild steel or
wrought iron rods.
•The bolt size depends upon the size of the machine and the
magnitude of the forces that act on them when the
machine is in operation.
•For setting the bolts in position, their positions are marked
and then suspended in the holes made in the ground.
•Afterwards, cement concrete is filled in the space around in
the bolts.
•Once the concrete sets; the bolts are firmly secured to the
ground. Eye foundation bolt
•Thisisthesimplestformofallfoundation
bolts.Inthis,oneendoftheboltisforgedinto
aneyeandacrosspieceisfixedinit.
•Figure5.36showsaneyefoundationboltthat
issetinconcrete
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
72 | P a g e
Machine Drawing FOUNDATION BOLTS
•Foundation bolts are used for fixing machines to their
foundations.
•Foundation bolts are made by forging from mild steel or
wrought iron rods.
•The bolt size depends upon the size of the machine and the
magnitude of the forces that act on them when the
machine is in operation.
•For setting the bolts in position, their positions are marked
and then suspended in the holes made in the ground.
•Afterwards, cement concrete is filled in the space around in
the bolts.
•Once the concrete sets; the bolts are firmly secured to the
ground. Eye foundation bolt
•Thisisthesimplestformofallfoundation
bolts.Inthis,oneendoftheboltisforgedinto
aneyeandacrosspieceisfixedinit.
•Figure5.36showsaneyefoundationboltthat
issetinconcrete
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
73 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Bent foundation bolt
•Asthenameimplies,thisboltisforgedinbent
formandsetincementconcrete.
•Whenmachinesaretobeplacedonstone
beds,theboltsaresetinlead.
•Figure5.37showsabentfoundationboltthat
issetfirstinleadandthenincement
concrete,resultinginafirmandstablebolt
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
73 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Bent foundation bolt
•Asthenameimplies,thisboltisforgedinbent
formandsetincementconcrete.
•Whenmachinesaretobeplacedonstone
beds,theboltsaresetinlead.
•Figure5.37showsabentfoundationboltthat
issetfirstinleadandthenincement
concrete,resultinginafirmandstablebolt
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
74 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Rag foundation bolt
•Thisboltconsistsofataperedbody,squareor
rectangularincross-section,thetapered
edgesbeinggrooved.
•Figure5.38showsaragfoundationboltthat
issetfirstinleadandthenincement
concrete.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
74 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Rag foundation bolt
•Thisboltconsistsofataperedbody,squareor
rectangularincross-section,thetapered
edgesbeinggrooved.
•Figure5.38showsaragfoundationboltthat
issetfirstinleadandthenincement
concrete.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
75 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Lewis foundation bolt
•Thisisaremovablefoundationbolt.Thebodyofthe
boltistaperedinwidthononeside.
•Tousethisbolt,apitisproducedincementconcrete,
byusinga(foundation)block.
•Oncetheconcretesets-in,theboltisplacedinitso
thatthetaperedboltsurface,bearsagainstthetapered
faceofthepit.
•Akeyistheninserted,bearingagainstthestraight
surfacesofthepitandthebolt.
•Thisarrangementmakestheboltfirminthebed.
However,theboltmayberemovedbywithdrawingthe
key(Fig.5.39).
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
75 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Lewis foundation bolt
•Thisisaremovablefoundationbolt.Thebodyofthe
boltistaperedinwidthononeside.
•Tousethisbolt,apitisproducedincementconcrete,
byusinga(foundation)block.
•Oncetheconcretesets-in,theboltisplacedinitso
thatthetaperedboltsurface,bearsagainstthetapered
faceofthepit.
•Akeyistheninserted,bearingagainstthestraight
surfacesofthepitandthebolt.
•Thisarrangementmakestheboltfirminthebed.
However,theboltmayberemovedbywithdrawingthe
key(Fig.5.39).
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
76 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Cotter foundation bolt
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
76 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Cotter foundation bolt
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
77 | P a g e
Machine Drawing TYPES OF KEY, COTTER JOINTS AND
PIN JOINTS
•Keys, cotters and pin joints discussed in this
chapter are some examples of removable
(temporary) fasteners.
•Assembly and removal of these joints are easy
as they are simple in shape.
•The standard proportions of these joints are
given in the figures. •Keysaremachineelementsusedtopreventrelative
rotationalmovementbetweenashaftandtheparts
mountedonit,suchaspulleys,gears,wheels,
couplings,etc.
•Figure6.1showsthepartsofakeyedjointandits
assembly.
•Formakingthejoint,groovesorkeywaysarecutonthe
surfaceoftheshaftandinthehuboftheparttobe
mounted.
•Afterpositioningthepartontheshaftsuchthat,both
thekeywaysareproperlyaligned,thekeyisdriven
fromtheend,resultinginafirmjoint.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
77 | P a g e
Machine Drawing TYPES OF KEY, COTTER JOINTS AND
PIN JOINTS
•Keys, cotters and pin joints discussed in this
chapter are some examples of removable
(temporary) fasteners.
•Assembly and removal of these joints are easy
as they are simple in shape.
•The standard proportions of these joints are
given in the figures. •Keysaremachineelementsusedtopreventrelative
rotationalmovementbetweenashaftandtheparts
mountedonit,suchaspulleys,gears,wheels,
couplings,etc.
•Figure6.1showsthepartsofakeyedjointandits
assembly.
•Formakingthejoint,groovesorkeywaysarecutonthe
surfaceoftheshaftandinthehuboftheparttobe
mounted.
•Afterpositioningthepartontheshaftsuchthat,both
thekeywaysareproperlyaligned,thekeyisdriven
fromtheend,resultinginafirmjoint.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
78 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Formountingapartatanyintermediate
locationontheshaft,firstthekeyisfirmly
placedinthekeywayoftheshaftandthenthe
parttobemountedisslidfromoneendofthe
shaft,tillitisfullyengagedwiththekey.
•Keysareclassifiedintothreetypes,viz.,saddle
keys,sunkkeysandroundkeys.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
78 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Formountingapartatanyintermediate
locationontheshaft,firstthekeyisfirmly
placedinthekeywayoftheshaftandthenthe
parttobemountedisslidfromoneendofthe
shaft,tillitisfullyengagedwiththekey.
•Keysareclassifiedintothreetypes,viz.,saddle
keys,sunkkeysandroundkeys.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
79 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Saddle keys
•These are taper keys, with uniform width but
tapering in thickness on the upper side.
•The magnitude of the taper provided is 1:100.
These are made in two forms: hollow and flat. Hollow saddle
•Ahollowsaddlekeyhasaconcaveshaped
bottomtosuitthecurvedsurfaceoftheshaft,
onwhichitisused.
•Akeywayismadeinthehubofthemounting,
withataperedbottomsurface.Whena
hollowsaddlekeyisfittedinposition,the
relativerotationbetweentheshaftandthe
mountingispreventedduetothefriction
betweentheshaftandkey(Fig.6.2).
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
79 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Saddle keys
•These are taper keys, with uniform width but
tapering in thickness on the upper side.
•The magnitude of the taper provided is 1:100.
These are made in two forms: hollow and flat. Hollow saddle
•Ahollowsaddlekeyhasaconcaveshaped
bottomtosuitthecurvedsurfaceoftheshaft,
onwhichitisused.
•Akeywayismadeinthehubofthemounting,
withataperedbottomsurface.Whena
hollowsaddlekeyisfittedinposition,the
relativerotationbetweentheshaftandthe
mountingispreventedduetothefriction
betweentheshaftandkey(Fig.6.2).
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
80 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Flat saddle key
•It is similar to the hollow saddle key, except that
the bottom surface of it is flat.
•Apart from the tapered keyway in the hub of the
mounting, a flat surface provided on the shaft is
used to fit this key in position (Fig. 6.3).
•The two types of saddle keys discussed above are
suitable for light duty only. However, the flat one
is slightly superior compared to the hollow type.
•Saddle keys are liable to slip around the shaft
when used under heavy loads.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
80 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Flat saddle key
•It is similar to the hollow saddle key, except that
the bottom surface of it is flat.
•Apart from the tapered keyway in the hub of the
mounting, a flat surface provided on the shaft is
used to fit this key in position (Fig. 6.3).
•The two types of saddle keys discussed above are
suitable for light duty only. However, the flat one
is slightly superior compared to the hollow type.
•Saddle keys are liable to slip around the shaft
when used under heavy loads.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
81 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Sunk keys
•These are the standard forms of keys used in practice, and
may be either square or rectangular in cross-section.
•The end may be squared or rounded. Generally, half the
thickness of the key fits into the shaft keyway and the
remaining half in the hub keyway.
•These keys are used for heavy duty, as the fit between the
key and the shaft is positive.
•Sunk keys may be classified as:
•(i) taper keys,
•(ii) parallel or feather keys and
•(iii) woodruff keys
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
81 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Sunk keys
•These are the standard forms of keys used in practice, and
may be either square or rectangular in cross-section.
•The end may be squared or rounded. Generally, half the
thickness of the key fits into the shaft keyway and the
remaining half in the hub keyway.
•These keys are used for heavy duty, as the fit between the
key and the shaft is positive.
•Sunk keys may be classified as:
•(i) taper keys,
•(ii) parallel or feather keys and
•(iii) woodruff keys
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
82 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Taper sunk keys
•Thesekeysaresquareorrectangularincross-
section,uniforminwidthbuttaperedin
thickness.
•Thebottomsurfaceofthekeyisstraightand
thetopsurfaceistapered,themagnitudeof
thetaperbeing1:100.
•Hence,thekeywayintheshaftisparallelto
theaxisandthehubkeywayistapered(Fig.
6.1). •Ataperedsunkkeymayberemovedbydrivingitoutfrom
theexposedsmallend.
•Ifthisendisnotaccessible,thebiggerendofthekeyis
providedwithaheadcalledgib.
•Figure6.4showstheapplicationofakeywithagibhead.
•Followingaretheproportionsforagibhead:
•IfDisthediameteroftheshaft,then,
•Widthofkey,W=0.25D+2mm
•Thicknessofkey,T=0.67W(atthethickerend)
•Standardtaper=1:100Heightofhead,
•H=1.75TWidthofhead,
•B=1.5
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
82 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Taper sunk keys
•Thesekeysaresquareorrectangularincross-
section,uniforminwidthbuttaperedin
thickness.
•Thebottomsurfaceofthekeyisstraightand
thetopsurfaceistapered,themagnitudeof
thetaperbeing1:100.
•Hence,thekeywayintheshaftisparallelto
theaxisandthehubkeywayistapered(Fig.
6.1). •Ataperedsunkkeymayberemovedbydrivingitoutfrom
theexposedsmallend.
•Ifthisendisnotaccessible,thebiggerendofthekeyis
providedwithaheadcalledgib.
•Figure6.4showstheapplicationofakeywithagibhead.
•Followingaretheproportionsforagibhead:
•IfDisthediameteroftheshaft,then,
•Widthofkey,W=0.25D+2mm
•Thicknessofkey,T=0.67W(atthethickerend)
•Standardtaper=1:100Heightofhead,
•H=1.75TWidthofhead,
•B=1.5
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
83 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
83 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
84 | P a g e
Machine Drawing ParallelOrFeatherKey
•Aparallelorfeatherkeyisasunkkey,uniforminwidthand
thicknessaswell.Thesekeysareusedwhentheparts(gears,
clutches,etc.)mountedarerequiredtoslidealongtheshaft;
permittingrelativeaxialmovement.
•To achieve this, a clearance fit must exist between the key and the
keyway in which it slides.
•The feather key may be fitted into the keyway provided on the shaft
by two or more screws (Fig. 6.5) or into the hub of the mounting
(Fig. 6.6).
•As seen from Fig. 6.6,
•these keys are of three types:
•(i) peg feather key,
•(ii) single headed feather key and
•(iii) double headed feather key.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
84 | P a g e
Machine Drawing ParallelOrFeatherKey
•Aparallelorfeatherkeyisasunkkey,uniforminwidthand
thicknessaswell.Thesekeysareusedwhentheparts(gears,
clutches,etc.)mountedarerequiredtoslidealongtheshaft;
permittingrelativeaxialmovement.
•To achieve this, a clearance fit must exist between the key and the
keyway in which it slides.
•The feather key may be fitted into the keyway provided on the shaft
by two or more screws (Fig. 6.5) or into the hub of the mounting
(Fig. 6.6).
•As seen from Fig. 6.6,
•these keys are of three types:
•(i) peg feather key,
•(ii) single headed feather key and
•(iii) double headed feather key.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
85 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Peg feather key
•In this key, a projection known as peg is
provided at the middle of the key.
•The peg fits into a hole in the hub of the
sliding member (Fig. 6.6 a).
•Once placed in a position, the key and the
mounting move axially as one unit. Single headed feather
•In this, the key is provided with a head at one
end.
•The head is screwed to the hub of the part
mounted on the shaft (Fig. 6.6 b).
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
85 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Peg feather key
•In this key, a projection known as peg is
provided at the middle of the key.
•The peg fits into a hole in the hub of the
sliding member (Fig. 6.6 a).
•Once placed in a position, the key and the
mounting move axially as one unit. Single headed feather
•In this, the key is provided with a head at one
end.
•The head is screwed to the hub of the part
mounted on the shaft (Fig. 6.6 b).
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
86 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Double headed feather
•Inthis,thekeyisprovidedwithheadsonboth
ends.Theseheadspreventtheaxial
movementofthekeyinthehub.
•Heretoo,onceplacedinposition,thekeyand
themountingmoveasoneunit(Fig.6.6c).
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
86 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Double headed feather
•Inthis,thekeyisprovidedwithheadsonboth
ends.Theseheadspreventtheaxial
movementofthekeyinthehub.
•Heretoo,onceplacedinposition,thekeyand
themountingmoveasoneunit(Fig.6.6c).
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
87 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Splines
•Splinesarekeysmadeintegralwiththeshaft,by
cuttingequi-spacedgroovesofuniformcross-
section.
•Theshaftwithsplinesiscalledasplinedshaft.
•Thesplinesontheshaft,fitintothe
correspondingrecessesinthehubofthe
mounting,withaslidingfit,providingapositive
driveandatthesametimepermittingthelatter
tomoveaxiallyalongtheshaft(Fig.6.7).
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
87 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Splines
•Splinesarekeysmadeintegralwiththeshaft,by
cuttingequi-spacedgroovesofuniformcross-
section.
•Theshaftwithsplinesiscalledasplinedshaft.
•Thesplinesontheshaft,fitintothe
correspondingrecessesinthehubofthe
mounting,withaslidingfit,providingapositive
driveandatthesametimepermittingthelatter
tomoveaxiallyalongtheshaft(Fig.6.7).
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
88 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Woodruff keY
•Itisasunkkey,intheformofasegmentofa
circulardiscofuniformthickness(Fig.6.8a).
•Asthebottomsurfaceofthekeyiscircular,
thekeywayintheshaftisintheformofa
circular
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
88 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Woodruff keY
•Itisasunkkey,intheformofasegmentofa
circulardiscofuniformthickness(Fig.6.8a).
•Asthebottomsurfaceofthekeyiscircular,
thekeywayintheshaftisintheformofa
circular
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
89 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Recess to the same curvature as the key.
•A keyway is made in the hub of the mounting, in the usual manner.
•Woodruff key is mainly used on tapered shafts of machine tools and
automobiles.
•Once placed in position, the key tilts and aligns itself on the tapered
shaft (Fig.6.8b).
•The following are the proportions of woodruff keys:
•If D is the diameter of the shaft,
•Thickness of key, W = 0.25 D
•Diameter of key, d = 3 W
•Height of key, T = 1.35 W
•Depth of the keyway in the hub, T1 = 0.5 W + 0.1 mm
•Depth of keyway in shaft, T2 = 0.85 W Round keys
•Roundkeysareofcircularcross-section,
usuallytapered(1:50)alongthelength.
•Aroundkeyfitsintheholedrilledpartlyinthe
shaftandpartlyinthehub(Fig.6.9).
•Themeandiameterofthepinmaybetakenas
0.25D,whereDisshaftdiameter.
•Roundkeysaregenerallyusedforlightduty,
wheretheloadsarenotconsiderable.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
89 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Recess to the same curvature as the key.
•A keyway is made in the hub of the mounting, in the usual manner.
•Woodruff key is mainly used on tapered shafts of machine tools and
automobiles.
•Once placed in position, the key tilts and aligns itself on the tapered
shaft (Fig.6.8b).
•The following are the proportions of woodruff keys:
•If D is the diameter of the shaft,
•Thickness of key, W = 0.25 D
•Diameter of key, d = 3 W
•Height of key, T = 1.35 W
•Depth of the keyway in the hub, T1 = 0.5 W + 0.1 mm
•Depth of keyway in shaft, T2 = 0.85 W Round keys
•Roundkeysareofcircularcross-section,
usuallytapered(1:50)alongthelength.
•Aroundkeyfitsintheholedrilledpartlyinthe
shaftandpartlyinthehub(Fig.6.9).
•Themeandiameterofthepinmaybetakenas
0.25D,whereDisshaftdiameter.
•Roundkeysaregenerallyusedforlightduty,
wheretheloadsarenotconsiderable.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
90 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Cotter Joint
•A cotter is a flat wedge shaped piece, made of
steel.
•It is uniform in thickness but tapering in width,
generally on one side; the usual taper being
1:30.
•The lateral (bearing) edges of the cotter and
the bearing slots are generally made semi-
circular instead of straight (Fig. 6.10).
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
90 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Cotter Joint
•A cotter is a flat wedge shaped piece, made of
steel.
•It is uniform in thickness but tapering in width,
generally on one side; the usual taper being
1:30.
•The lateral (bearing) edges of the cotter and
the bearing slots are generally made semi-
circular instead of straight (Fig. 6.10).
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
91 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Thisincreasesthebearingareaandpermits
drillingwhilemakingtheslots.
•Thecotterislockedinpositionbymeansofa
screwasshowninFig.6.11.
•Cotterjointsareusedtoconnecttworods,
subjectedtotensileorcompressiveforcesalong
theiraxes.
•Thesejointsarenotsuitablewherethemembers
areunderrotation.
•Thefollowingaresomeofthecommonlyused
cotterjoints:
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
91 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Thisincreasesthebearingareaandpermits
drillingwhilemakingtheslots.
•Thecotterislockedinpositionbymeansofa
screwasshowninFig.6.11.
•Cotterjointsareusedtoconnecttworods,
subjectedtotensileorcompressiveforcesalong
theiraxes.
•Thesejointsarenotsuitablewherethemembers
areunderrotation.
•Thefollowingaresomeofthecommonlyused
cotterjoints:
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
92 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •This is the simplest of all cotter joints, used for fastening two
circular rods.
•To make the joint, the rods are enlarged at their ends and slots are
cut.
•After keeping the rods butt against each other, a sleeve with slots is
placed over them.
•After aligning the slots properly, two cotters are driven-in through
the slots, resulting in the joint (Fig. 6.12).
•The rod ends are enlarged to take care of the weakening effect
caused by the slots.
•The slots in the rods and sleeve are made slightly wider than the
width of cotter.
•The relative positions of the slots are such, that when a cotter is
driven into its position, it permits wedging action and pulls the rod
into the sleeve.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
92 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •This is the simplest of all cotter joints, used for fastening two
circular rods.
•To make the joint, the rods are enlarged at their ends and slots are
cut.
•After keeping the rods butt against each other, a sleeve with slots is
placed over them.
•After aligning the slots properly, two cotters are driven-in through
the slots, resulting in the joint (Fig. 6.12).
•The rod ends are enlarged to take care of the weakening effect
caused by the slots.
•The slots in the rods and sleeve are made slightly wider than the
width of cotter.
•The relative positions of the slots are such, that when a cotter is
driven into its position, it permits wedging action and pulls the rod
into the sleeve.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
93 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Cotter joint with socket and spigot
ends
•Thisjointisalsousedtofastentwocircular
rods.
•Inthis,therodendsaremodifiedinsteadof
usingasleeve.
•Oneendoftherodisformedintoasocketand
theotherintoaspigot(Fig.6.13)
•andslotsarecut.Afteraligningthesocketand
spigotends,acotterisdriven-inthroughthe
slots,formingthejoint.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
93 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Cotter joint with socket and spigot
ends
•Thisjointisalsousedtofastentwocircular
rods.
•Inthis,therodendsaremodifiedinsteadof
usingasleeve.
•Oneendoftherodisformedintoasocketand
theotherintoaspigot(Fig.6.13)
•andslotsarecut.Afteraligningthesocketand
spigotends,acotterisdriven-inthroughthe
slots,formingthejoint.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
94 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Cotter joint with a gib
•Thisjointisgenerallyusedtoconnecttwo
rodsofsquareorrectangularcross-section.
•Tomakethejoint,oneendoftherodis
formedintoaU-fork,intowhich,theendof
theotherrodfitsin. •Whenacotterisdriven-in,thefriction
betweenthecotterandstrapsoftheU-fork,
causesthestrapstoopen.
•hisispreventedbytheuseofagib.
•Agibisalsoawedgeshapedpieceof
rectangularcross-sectionwithtworectangular
projectionscalledlugs.
•Onesideofthegibistaperedandtheother
straight.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
94 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Cotter joint with a gib
•Thisjointisgenerallyusedtoconnecttwo
rodsofsquareorrectangularcross-section.
•Tomakethejoint,oneendoftherodis
formedintoaU-fork,intowhich,theendof
theotherrodfitsin. •Whenacotterisdriven-in,thefriction
betweenthecotterandstrapsoftheU-fork,
causesthestrapstoopen.
•hisispreventedbytheuseofagib.
•Agibisalsoawedgeshapedpieceof
rectangularcross-sectionwithtworectangular
projectionscalledlugs.
•Onesideofthegibistaperedandtheother
straight.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
95 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Thetaperedsideofthegibbearsagainstthetapered
sideofthecottersuchthat,theouteredgesofthe
cotterandgibasaunitareparallel.
•Thisfacilitatesmakingofslotswithparalleledges,
unlikethetaperededgesincaseofordinarycotter
joint.
•Further,thelugsbearingagainsttheoutersurfacesof
thefork,preventstheopeningtendencyofthestraps.
•Figure6.14showsacotterjointwithagib.
•Formakingthejoint,firstthegibisplacedinposition
andthenthecotterisdriven-in.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
95 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Thetaperedsideofthegibbearsagainstthetapered
sideofthecottersuchthat,theouteredgesofthe
cotterandgibasaunitareparallel.
•Thisfacilitatesmakingofslotswithparalleledges,
unlikethetaperededgesincaseofordinarycotter
joint.
•Further,thelugsbearingagainsttheoutersurfacesof
thefork,preventstheopeningtendencyofthestraps.
•Figure6.14showsacotterjointwithagib.
•Formakingthejoint,firstthegibisplacedinposition
andthenthecotterisdriven-in.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
96 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Pin joints
•Inapinjoint,apinisusedtofastentworods
thatareundertheactionofatensileforce;
althoughtherodsmaysupportacompressive
forceifthejointisguided.
•Somepinjointssuchasuniversaljoints,use
twopinsandareusedtotransmitpowerfrom
onerotatingshafttoanother
•Apinjointpermitsasmallamount •Offlexibilityoronerodmaybepositionedat
anangle(intheplanecontainingtherods)
withrespecttotheotherrod,afterproviding
suitableguides.
•Unlikeincotterjoints,thepininapinjointis
notdriven-inwithaforcefit,butisinsertedin
theholeswithaclearancefit.
•Thepinisheldinposition,bymeansofataper
pinorasplitpinprovidedatitsend.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
96 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Pin joints
•Inapinjoint,apinisusedtofastentworods
thatareundertheactionofatensileforce;
althoughtherodsmaysupportacompressive
forceifthejointisguided.
•Somepinjointssuchasuniversaljoints,use
twopinsandareusedtotransmitpowerfrom
onerotatingshafttoanother
•Apinjointpermitsasmallamount •Offlexibilityoronerodmaybepositionedat
anangle(intheplanecontainingtherods)
withrespecttotheotherrod,afterproviding
suitableguides.
•Unlikeincotterjoints,thepininapinjointis
notdriven-inwithaforcefit,butisinsertedin
theholeswithaclearancefit.
•Thepinisheldinposition,bymeansofataper
pinorasplitpinprovidedatitsend.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
97 | P a g e
Machine Drawing knuckle joint
•Aknucklejointisapinjointusedtofastentwocircular
rods.
•Inthisjoint,oneendoftherodisformedintoaneye
andtheotherintoafork(doubleeye).
•Formakingthejoint,theeyeendoftherodisaligned
intotheforkendoftheotherandthenthepinis
insertedthroughtheholesandheldinpositionby
meansofacollarandataperpin(Fig.6.15).
•Oncethejointismade,therodsarefreetoswivel
aboutthecylindricalpin.
•Knucklejointsareusedinsuspensionlinks,airbrake
arrangementoflocomotives,etc.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
97 | P a g e
Machine Drawing knuckle joint
•Aknucklejointisapinjointusedtofastentwocircular
rods.
•Inthisjoint,oneendoftherodisformedintoaneye
andtheotherintoafork(doubleeye).
•Formakingthejoint,theeyeendoftherodisaligned
intotheforkendoftheotherandthenthepinis
insertedthroughtheholesandheldinpositionby
meansofacollarandataperpin(Fig.6.15).
•Oncethejointismade,therodsarefreetoswivel
aboutthecylindricalpin.
•Knucklejointsareusedinsuspensionlinks,airbrake
arrangementoflocomotives,etc.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
98 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Riveted joints
•Rivetedjointsarepermanentfasteningsand
rivetingisoneofthecommonlyusedmethod
ofproducingrigidandpermanentjoints.
•Manufactureofboilers,storagetanks,etc.,
involvejoiningofsteelsheets,bymeansof
rivetedjoints.
•Thesejointsarealsousedtofastenrolledsteel
sectionsinstructuralworks,suchasbridge
androoftrusses.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
98 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Riveted joints
•Rivetedjointsarepermanentfasteningsand
rivetingisoneofthecommonlyusedmethod
ofproducingrigidandpermanentjoints.
•Manufactureofboilers,storagetanks,etc.,
involvejoiningofsteelsheets,bymeansof
rivetedjoints.
•Thesejointsarealsousedtofastenrolledsteel
sectionsinstructuralworks,suchasbridge
androoftrusses.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
99 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Rivet
•Arivetisaroundrodofcircularcross-section.
Itconsistsoftwoparts,viz.,headandshank
(Fig.10.1(a)).Mildsteel,wroughtiron,copper
andaluminium
•alloysaresomeofthemetalscommonlyused
forrivets.
•Thechoiceofaparticularmetalwilldepend
upontheplaceofapplication Riveting
•Rivetingistheprocessofformingariveted
joint.
•Forthis,arivetisfirstplacedinthehole
drilledthroughthetwopartstobejoined.
•Thentheshankendismadeintoarivethead
byapplyingpressure,whenitiseitherincold
orhotcondition.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
99 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Rivet
•Arivetisaroundrodofcircularcross-section.
Itconsistsoftwoparts,viz.,headandshank
(Fig.10.1(a)).Mildsteel,wroughtiron,copper
andaluminium
•alloysaresomeofthemetalscommonlyused
forrivets.
•Thechoiceofaparticularmetalwilldepend
upontheplaceofapplication Riveting
•Rivetingistheprocessofformingariveted
joint.
•Forthis,arivetisfirstplacedinthehole
drilledthroughthetwopartstobejoined.
•Thentheshankendismadeintoarivethead
byapplyingpressure,whenitiseitherincold
orhotcondition.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
100 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Pressuremaybeappliedtoformthesecondrivethead,
eitherbydirecthammeringorthroughhydraulicor
pneumaticmeans.
•Whileformingtherivethead,theshankwillbulge
uniformly.Hence,acertainamountofclearance
betweentheholeandshankmustbeprovidedbefore
riveting(Fig.10.1(b)).
•Hotrivetingproducesbetterresultswhencomparedto
coldriveting.
•Thisisbecause,afterhotriveting,thecontractionin
theshanklengthtendstopullthepartstogether,
makingatightjoint.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
100 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Pressuremaybeappliedtoformthesecondrivethead,
eitherbydirecthammeringorthroughhydraulicor
pneumaticmeans.
•Whileformingtherivethead,theshankwillbulge
uniformly.Hence,acertainamountofclearance
betweentheholeandshankmustbeprovidedbefore
riveting(Fig.10.1(b)).
•Hotrivetingproducesbetterresultswhencomparedto
coldriveting.
•Thisisbecause,afterhotriveting,thecontractionin
theshanklengthtendstopullthepartstogether,
makingatightjoint.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
101 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Caulking
•Rivetedjointsmustbemadeairtightin
applicationssuchasboilersandother
pressurevessels.
•Caulkingorfulleringisdonetomakethe
rivetedjointsairtight.
•Theouteredgesoftheplatesusedinboiler
andotherpressurevesselsarebevelled. •Toproduceairtightrivetedjoints,these
bevellededgesoftheplatesarecaulked.
•Caulkingisanoperationinwhichtheouter
bevellededgesoftheplatesarehammered
anddriven-inbyacaulkingtool.
•Thecaulkingtoolisintheformofablunt
edgedchisel(Fig.10.2a).
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
101 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Caulking
•Rivetedjointsmustbemadeairtightin
applicationssuchasboilersandother
pressurevessels.
•Caulkingorfulleringisdonetomakethe
rivetedjointsairtight.
•Theouteredgesoftheplatesusedinboiler
andotherpressurevesselsarebevelled. •Toproduceairtightrivetedjoints,these
bevellededgesoftheplatesarecaulked.
•Caulkingisanoperationinwhichtheouter
bevellededgesoftheplatesarehammered
anddriven-inbyacaulkingtool.
•Thecaulkingtoolisintheformofablunt
edgedchisel(Fig.10.2a).
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
102 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Fullering
•Similartocaulking,fulleringisalsousedto
produceairtightjoints.
•Unlikethecaulkingtool,thewidthofthe
fulleringtoolisequaltothewidthofthe
bevellededgesoftheplates(Fig.10.2(b)).
•Caulkingandfulleringoperationsarecarried
outeffectivelybyapplyingpneumatic
pressure.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
102 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Fullering
•Similartocaulking,fulleringisalsousedto
produceairtightjoints.
•Unlikethecaulkingtool,thewidthofthe
fulleringtoolisequaltothewidthofthe
bevellededgesoftheplates(Fig.10.2(b)).
•Caulkingandfulleringoperationsarecarried
outeffectivelybyapplyingpneumatic
pressure.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
103 | P a g e
Machine Drawing RIVETED HEADS
•Various forms of rivet heads, used in general
engineering works and boiler construction and
as recommended by Bureau of Indian
Standards, are shown in Fig. 10.3.
•The standard proportions are also indicated in
the figure Thedefinitionsoftheterms,
associatedwithrivetedjointsare
givenbelow:
•Pitch
•It is the distance between the centres of the
adjacent rivets in the same row. It is denoted
by ‘p’ and usually taken as 3d, where d is the
rivet diameter
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
103 | P a g e
Machine Drawing RIVETED HEADS
•Various forms of rivet heads, used in general
engineering works and boiler construction and
as recommended by Bureau of Indian
Standards, are shown in Fig. 10.3.
•The standard proportions are also indicated in
the figure Thedefinitionsoftheterms,
associatedwithrivetedjointsare
givenbelow:
•Pitch
•It is the distance between the centres of the
adjacent rivets in the same row. It is denoted
by ‘p’ and usually taken as 3d, where d is the
rivet diameter
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
104 | P a g e
Machine Drawing MARGIN
•Itisthedistancefromtheedgeoftheplateto
thecentreofthenearestrivet.Itisusually
takenas1.5d,wheredistherivetdiameter.It
isdenotedby‘m’. CHAIN RIVETING
•Iftherivetsareusedalonganumberofrows
suchthattherivetsintheadjacentrowsare
placeddirectlyoppositetoeachother,itis
knownaschainriveting(Fig.10.10).
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
104 | P a g e
Machine Drawing MARGIN
•Itisthedistancefromtheedgeoftheplateto
thecentreofthenearestrivet.Itisusually
takenas1.5d,wheredistherivetdiameter.It
isdenotedby‘m’. CHAIN RIVETING
•Iftherivetsareusedalonganumberofrows
suchthattherivetsintheadjacentrowsare
placeddirectlyoppositetoeachother,itis
knownaschainriveting(Fig.10.10).
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
105 | P a g e
Machine Drawing ZIG-ZAG RIVETING
•Inamulti-rowriveting,iftherivetsinthe
adjacentrowsarestaggeredandareplacedin
betweenthoseofthepreviousrow,itis
knownaszig-zagriveting(Fig.10.11). RO PITCH
•It is the distance between two adjacent rows
of rivets.
•It is denoted by ‘pr’ and is given by,
•pr = 0.8p,
•for chain riveting pr = 0.6p,
•for zig-zagriveting.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
105 | P a g e
Machine Drawing ZIG-ZAG RIVETING
•Inamulti-rowriveting,iftherivetsinthe
adjacentrowsarestaggeredandareplacedin
betweenthoseofthepreviousrow,itis
knownaszig-zagriveting(Fig.10.11). RO PITCH
•It is the distance between two adjacent rows
of rivets.
•It is denoted by ‘pr’ and is given by,
•pr = 0.8p,
•for chain riveting pr = 0.6p,
•for zig-zagriveting.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
106 | P a g e
Machine Drawing DIGONAL PITCH
•This term is usually associated with zig-zag
riveting and is denoted by ‘pd’.
•It is the distance between the centre of a rivet
in a row to the next rivet in the adjacent row.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
106 | P a g e
Machine Drawing DIGONAL PITCH
•This term is usually associated with zig-zag
riveting and is denoted by ‘pd’.
•It is the distance between the centre of a rivet
in a row to the next rivet in the adjacent row.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
107 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Classification Of Riveted Joints
•Riveted joints may be broadly classified into :
•structural joints and
•pressure vessel joints. structural joints
•Structuralsteelframesaremadebyusing
rolledsteelplatesandsectionsofstandard
shapes,asshowninFig.10.4.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
107 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Classification Of Riveted Joints
•Riveted joints may be broadly classified into :
•structural joints and
•pressure vessel joints. structural joints
•Structuralsteelframesaremadebyusing
rolledsteelplatesandsectionsofstandard
shapes,asshowninFig.10.4.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
108 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Figure10.5showsananglejointusedto
connecttwoplatesatrightangle.
•Here,an(equal)angleisusedtoconnectthe
plates,byasinglerowofrivets.
•Figure10.5alsoshowsthepositionofthe
rivetsandotherproportionsofthejoint.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
108 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Figure10.5showsananglejointusedto
connecttwoplatesatrightangle.
•Here,an(equal)angleisusedtoconnectthe
plates,byasinglerowofrivets.
•Figure10.5alsoshowsthepositionofthe
rivetsandotherproportionsofthejoint.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
109 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Figure10.6showsrolledsteelsections,i.e.,a
columnandabeamconnectedtoeachother
throughrivetedjoints.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
109 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Figure10.6showsrolledsteelsections,i.e.,a
columnandabeamconnectedtoeachother
throughrivetedjoints.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
110 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Figure10.7illustratesonedesignofabuilt-up
girder,alsomadeofrolledsteelsections.
•Inboththefigures,proportionsofthejoints
arealsoindicated.
•However,itshouldbenotedthatthelengthof
thejointisdecidedbytheloadtoberesisted
bythejoint.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
110 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Figure10.7illustratesonedesignofabuilt-up
girder,alsomadeofrolledsteelsections.
•Inboththefigures,proportionsofthejoints
arealsoindicated.
•However,itshouldbenotedthatthelengthof
thejointisdecidedbytheloadtoberesisted
bythejoint.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
111 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Lozenzeor diamond butt joint
•This is one kind of butt joint made either with
a single or double strap.
•As the name implies, the rivets in this joint are
arranged in a diamond shape.
•Figure 10.8 shows a double strap diamond
butt joint.
•The joint is generally used to connect tie bars
in bridge structures and roof trusses.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
111 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Lozenzeor diamond butt joint
•This is one kind of butt joint made either with
a single or double strap.
•As the name implies, the rivets in this joint are
arranged in a diamond shape.
•Figure 10.8 shows a double strap diamond
butt joint.
•The joint is generally used to connect tie bars
in bridge structures and roof trusses.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
112 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Boillerjoints
•These joints are used mainly for joining metal sheets used in the
construction of boilers, water tanks and pressure vessels.
•Obviously, these joints must be made air-tight, as the above vessels
are required to retain fluids and withstand internal fluid pressure as
well.
•For manufacturing boilers, water tanks and pressure vessels, the
edges of the plates to be joined (in case of lap joints only) are first
bevelled.
•The plates are then rolled to the required curvature of the shell.
Holding the plates together, holes are then drilled and riveting is
followed.
•Boiler joints are classified as:
•lap joints, butt joints and combination of lap and butt joints. lap joint
•Inalapjoint,theplatestoberiveted,overlapeach
other.Theplatestobejoinedarefirstbevelledatthe
edges,toanangleofabout80°(Fig.10.9).
•Dependinguponthenumberofrowsofrivetsusedin
thejoint,lapjointsarefurtherclassifiedassingle
rivetedlapjoint,doublerivetedlapjointandsoon.
Figure10.9showsasinglerivetedlapjoint.
•Thesizeoftherivet,distakenas,d=6tmmwhere
‘t’isthethicknessoftheplatestobejoinedin
millimetres.
•Figures10.10and10.11showdoublerivetedchain,lap
jointanddoublerivetedzig-zaglapjointrespectively
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
112 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Boillerjoints
•These joints are used mainly for joining metal sheets used in the
construction of boilers, water tanks and pressure vessels.
•Obviously, these joints must be made air-tight, as the above vessels
are required to retain fluids and withstand internal fluid pressure as
well.
•For manufacturing boilers, water tanks and pressure vessels, the
edges of the plates to be joined (in case of lap joints only) are first
bevelled.
•The plates are then rolled to the required curvature of the shell.
Holding the plates together, holes are then drilled and riveting is
followed.
•Boiler joints are classified as:
•lap joints, butt joints and combination of lap and butt joints. lap joint
•Inalapjoint,theplatestoberiveted,overlapeach
other.Theplatestobejoinedarefirstbevelledatthe
edges,toanangleofabout80°(Fig.10.9).
•Dependinguponthenumberofrowsofrivetsusedin
thejoint,lapjointsarefurtherclassifiedassingle
rivetedlapjoint,doublerivetedlapjointandsoon.
Figure10.9showsasinglerivetedlapjoint.
•Thesizeoftherivet,distakenas,d=6tmmwhere
‘t’isthethicknessoftheplatestobejoinedin
millimetres.
•Figures10.10and10.11showdoublerivetedchain,lap
jointanddoublerivetedzig-zaglapjointrespectively
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
113 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
113 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
114 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Butt Joint
•Inabuttjoint,theplatestobejoined,buttagainst
eachother,withacoverplateorstrap,eitherononeor
bothsidesoftheplates;thelatteronebeingpreferred.
•Inthisjoint,thebuttingedgesoftheplatestobe
joinedaresquareandtheouteredgesofthecover
plate(s)is(are)bevelled.
•Thesejointsaregenerallyusedforjoiningthickplates,
andaremuchstrongerthanlapjoints.
•Figures10.12and10.13showsinglerivetedsingle
strapandasingleriveteddoublestrap,buttjoints
respectively.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
114 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Butt Joint
•Inabuttjoint,theplatestobejoined,buttagainst
eachother,withacoverplateorstrap,eitherononeor
bothsidesoftheplates;thelatteronebeingpreferred.
•Inthisjoint,thebuttingedgesoftheplatestobe
joinedaresquareandtheouteredgesofthecover
plate(s)is(are)bevelled.
•Thesejointsaregenerallyusedforjoiningthickplates,
andaremuchstrongerthanlapjoints.
•Figures10.12and10.13showsinglerivetedsingle
strapandasingleriveteddoublestrap,buttjoints
respectively.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
115 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Inasinglestrapbuttjoint,thethicknessofthe
strap(coverplate)isgivenby,
•t1=1.125t
•Iftwostrapsareused,thethicknessofeach
coverplateisgivenby,
•t2=0.75t
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
115 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Inasinglestrapbuttjoint,thethicknessofthe
strap(coverplate)isgivenby,
•t1=1.125t
•Iftwostrapsareused,thethicknessofeach
coverplateisgivenby,
•t2=0.75t
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
116 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
116 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
117 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Figures10.14and10.15showdoubleriveted,
doublestrapchain,buttjointanddouble
riveted,doublestrapzig-zagbuttjoint.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
117 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Figures10.14and10.15showdoubleriveted,
doublestrapchain,buttjointanddouble
riveted,doublestrapzig-zagbuttjoint.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
118 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Pivot or foot step bearing
•Thisbearingisusedtosupportaverticalshaft
underaxialload.
•Further,inthis,theshaftisterminatedatthe
bearing.
•Thebottomsurfaceoftheshaftrestsonthe
surfaceofthebearingwhichisintheformofa
disc.
•Thebushfittedinthemainbodysupportsthe
shaftinpositionandtakescareofpossibleradial
loadscomingontheshaft.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
118 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Pivot or foot step bearing
•Thisbearingisusedtosupportaverticalshaft
underaxialload.
•Further,inthis,theshaftisterminatedatthe
bearing.
•Thebottomsurfaceoftheshaftrestsonthe
surfaceofthebearingwhichisintheformofa
disc.
•Thebushfittedinthemainbodysupportsthe
shaftinpositionandtakescareofpossibleradial
loadscomingontheshaft.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
119 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Thediscispreventedfromrotationbyapininserted
throughthebodyandawayfromthecentre.
•Thebushisalsopreventedfromrotationbyasnug,
providedatitsneck,belowthecollar(Fig.12.9).
•Thespacebetweentheshaftandthecollar,servesas
anoilcupforlubricatingthebearing.
•Thebushandthebodyarerecessedtoreducethe
amountofmachining.
•Thebaseofthebodyisalsorecessedtoservethesame
purpose. Journal bearing
•Whentheloadonabearingisperpendicular
(normal)totheshaftaxis,thebearingis
knownasajournalbearing.
•Infact,theterm‘journal’,referstothatpartof
theshaftwhichisincontactwiththebearing
(Fig.12.1).
•Thefollowingaresomeofthetypesofjournal
bearings:
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
119 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Thediscispreventedfromrotationbyapininserted
throughthebodyandawayfromthecentre.
•Thebushisalsopreventedfromrotationbyasnug,
providedatitsneck,belowthecollar(Fig.12.9).
•Thespacebetweentheshaftandthecollar,servesas
anoilcupforlubricatingthebearing.
•Thebushandthebodyarerecessedtoreducethe
amountofmachining.
•Thebaseofthebodyisalsorecessedtoservethesame
purpose. Journal bearing
•Whentheloadonabearingisperpendicular
(normal)totheshaftaxis,thebearingis
knownasajournalbearing.
•Infact,theterm‘journal’,referstothatpartof
theshaftwhichisincontactwiththebearing
(Fig.12.1).
•Thefollowingaresomeofthetypesofjournal
bearings:
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
120 | P a g e
Machine Drawing FASTENING TYPE
1. Permanent
Welding Gluing Riveting
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
120 | P a g e
Machine Drawing FASTENING TYPE
1. Permanent
Welding Gluing Riveting
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
121 | P a g e
Machine Drawing FASTENING TYPE
2.1 Threaded fastener
-bolts
-studs
-screws
2. Temporary
2.2 Non-threaded fastener
-keys
-pin
key THREAD APPLICATION
1. To hold parts together.
2. To move part(s) relative to others.
Part A Part B
Part C
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
121 | P a g e
Machine Drawing FASTENING TYPE
2.1 Threaded fastener
-bolts
-studs
-screws
2. Temporary
2.2 Non-threaded fastener
-keys
-pin
key THREAD APPLICATION
1. To hold parts together.
2. To move part(s) relative to others.
Part A Part B
Part C
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
122 | P a g e
Machine Drawing THREAD APPLICATION
1. To hold parts together.
2. To move part(s) relative to others.
Wood working vise Palm fruit pressing machine Thread Terminology
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
122 | P a g e
Machine Drawing THREAD APPLICATION
1. To hold parts together.
2. To move part(s) relative to others.
Wood working vise Palm fruit pressing machine Thread Terminology
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
123 | P a g e
Machine Drawing External (male)
thread
Internal (female)
thread
THREAD TERMINOLOGY
A thread cut on the outsideof
a cylindrical body.
A thread cut on the insideof
a cylindrical body.
Internal thread
External thread Right-hand
thread
Thread that will assemblewhen
turned clockwise.
Left-hand
thread
Thread that will assemblewhen
turned counter-clockwise.
THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Turnbuckle use RH and LH thread at
each end to double displacement.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
123 | P a g e
Machine Drawing External (male)
thread
Internal (female)
thread
THREAD TERMINOLOGY
A thread cut on the outsideof
a cylindrical body.
A thread cut on the insideof
a cylindrical body.
Internal thread
External thread Right-hand
thread
Thread that will assemblewhen
turned clockwise.
Left-hand
thread
Thread that will assemblewhen
turned counter-clockwise.
THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Turnbuckle use RH and LH thread at
each end to double displacement.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
124 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Crest
Root
Thread angle
THREAD TERMINOLOGY
The peak edgeof a thread.
The bottom of the thread cut into
a cylindrical body.
The angle between threads faces.
Internal ThreadExternal Thread
Crest
Root
Thread angle
Crest
Root Major diameter
The largest diameteron
an internal or external thread.
Minor diameter
The smallest diameteron
an internal or external thread.
Internal ThreadExternal Thread
Minor dia. Major dia.
THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Minor dia. Major dia.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
124 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Crest
Root
Thread angle
THREAD TERMINOLOGY
The peak edgeof a thread.
The bottom of the thread cut into
a cylindrical body.
The angle between threads faces.
Internal ThreadExternal Thread
Crest
Root
Thread angle
Crest
Root Major diameter
The largest diameteron
an internal or external thread.
Minor diameter
The smallest diameteron
an internal or external thread.
Internal ThreadExternal Thread
Minor dia. Major dia.
THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Minor dia. Major dia.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
125 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Pitch
The distance between crests of
threads.
Lead
The distance a screw will advance
when turned 360
o
.
THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Internal ThreadExternal Thread
Pitch
Pitch Form is the profile shape of the
thread.
Thread Form
THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Example:
“knuckle thread form”
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
125 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Pitch
The distance between crests of
threads.
Lead
The distance a screw will advance
when turned 360
o
.
THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Internal ThreadExternal Thread
Pitch
Pitch Form is the profile shape of the
thread.
Thread Form
THREAD TERMINOLOGY
Example:
“knuckle thread form”
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
126 | P a g e
Machine Drawing EXTERNAL THREAD CUTTING
Tools Operation
Threading Die
Die stock Twist drill
Tools
Tap
Tap wrench
Operation
INTERNAL THREAD CUTTING
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
126 | P a g e
Machine Drawing EXTERNAL THREAD CUTTING
Tools Operation
Threading Die
Die stock Twist drill
Tools
Tap
Tap wrench
Operation
INTERNAL THREAD CUTTING
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
127 | P a g e
Machine Drawing COMPARISON OF THREAD CUTTING
External Thread Internal Thread
Major Dia.
Minor Dia. Thread Drawing
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
127 | P a g e
Machine Drawing COMPARISON OF THREAD CUTTING
External Thread Internal Thread
Major Dia.
Minor Dia. Thread Drawing
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
128 | P a g e
Machine Drawing 1. Detailedrepresentation
2. Schematicrepresentation
3. Simplified representation
THREAD REPRESENTATION External thread Internal thread
DETAILEDREPRESENTATION
60
oPitch
Use slanting linesto represent crest and root.
Roots and crest are drawn in sharpVs.
Thread runout
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
128 | P a g e
Machine Drawing 1. Detailedrepresentation
2. Schematicrepresentation
3. Simplified representation
THREAD REPRESENTATION External thread Internal thread
DETAILEDREPRESENTATION
60
oPitch
Use slanting linesto represent crest and root.
Roots and crest are drawn in sharpVs.
Thread runout
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
129 | P a g e
Machine Drawing SCHEMATICREPRESENTATION
External thread
Pitch
Crest (thin line)
Root (thick line)
Use alternate longand shortlines for representing
crestsand rootsof the thread, respectively.
Internal thread SIMPLIFIEDREPRESENTATION
External thread Internal thread
Use thick continuous linesfor representing crest
and thin continuous linesfor representing rootof
the thread, respectively.
Pitch/2
Root
Crest
Thread runout
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
129 | P a g e
Machine Drawing SCHEMATICREPRESENTATION
External thread
Pitch
Crest (thin line)
Root (thick line)
Use alternate longand shortlines for representing
crestsand rootsof the thread, respectively.
Internal thread SIMPLIFIEDREPRESENTATION
External thread Internal thread
Use thick continuous linesfor representing crest
and thin continuous linesfor representing rootof
the thread, respectively.
Pitch/2
Root
Crest
Thread runout
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
130 | P a g e
Machine Drawing SIMPLIFIEDREPRESENTATION
External thread Internal thread
Sectional view
Use thick continuous linesfor representing crest
and thin continuous linesfor representing rootof
the thread, respectively. ISO (METRIC) THREAD
External
thread
Internal
thread
Center of thread assembly
60
o
Pitch, P
P/4
P/8
Thread assemble occurs if and only if both (internal & external)
thread have an equal nominal size (or diameter)and pitch.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
130 | P a g e
Machine Drawing SIMPLIFIEDREPRESENTATION
External thread Internal thread
Sectional view
Use thick continuous linesfor representing crest
and thin continuous linesfor representing rootof
the thread, respectively. ISO (METRIC) THREAD
External
thread
Internal
thread
Center of thread assembly
60
o
Pitch, P
P/4
P/8
Thread assemble occurs if and only if both (internal & external)
thread have an equal nominal size (or diameter)and pitch.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
131 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Nominal
size
Major
diameter
Pitch Minor
diameter
Tap drill size
M6 6.00 1.00 4.92 5.00
M8 8.00 1.25 6.65 6.75
M10 10.00 1.50 8.38 8.50
M12 12.00 1.75 10.11 10.00
METRIC COARSE THREAD
Minordiameter = Majordiameter –Pitch
Minor diameter ≈ Tap drill size
[Table 9.1]
Metric thread
In thread drawing, the following relationship is used. Nominal
size
Major
diameter
Pitch Minor
diameter
Tap drill size
M8 8.00
0.75 7.188 7.25
1.00 6.917 7.00
M10 10.00
0.75 9.188 9.25
1.00 8.917 9.00
1.25 8.647 8.75
METRIC FINE THREAD
[Table 9.2]
Minordiameter = Majordiameter –Pitch
Minor diameter ≈ Tap drill size
In thread drawing, the following relationship is used.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
131 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Nominal
size
Major
diameter
Pitch Minor
diameter
Tap drill size
M6 6.00 1.00 4.92 5.00
M8 8.00 1.25 6.65 6.75
M10 10.00 1.50 8.38 8.50
M12 12.00 1.75 10.11 10.00
METRIC COARSE THREAD
Minordiameter = Majordiameter –Pitch
Minor diameter ≈ Tap drill size
[Table 9.1]
Metric thread
In thread drawing, the following relationship is used. Nominal
size
Major
diameter
Pitch Minor
diameter
Tap drill size
M8 8.00
0.75 7.188 7.25
1.00 6.917 7.00
M10 10.00
0.75 9.188 9.25
1.00 8.917 9.00
1.25 8.647 8.75
METRIC FINE THREAD
[Table 9.2]
Minordiameter = Majordiameter –Pitch
Minor diameter ≈ Tap drill size
In thread drawing, the following relationship is used.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
132 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Thread Length
DRAWING STEPS OF
EXTERNAL THREAD
Starting
position
Draw
thread
axis
Major dia. Minor dia.
Draw
45
o
Chamfer
Draw line making
30
o
with thread axis
Draw a circle that
represents a crest
Draw an arc that
represents a root Internal Thread
1. Through threaded hole
DRAWING STEPS OF
THREADED HOLE
Draw
thread
axis
Major dia. Minor dia.
Draw a root
Draw a crest
Sectional view
Draw a circle that
represents a crest
Draw an arc that
represents a root
root
crest
Section lines are drawn into
the crest of a thread.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
132 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Thread Length
DRAWING STEPS OF
EXTERNAL THREAD
Starting
position
Draw
thread
axis
Major dia. Minor dia.
Draw
45
o
Chamfer
Draw line making
30
o
with thread axis
Draw a circle that
represents a crest
Draw an arc that
represents a root Internal Thread
1. Through threaded hole
DRAWING STEPS OF
THREADED HOLE
Draw
thread
axis
Major dia. Minor dia.
Draw a root
Draw a crest
Sectional view
Draw a circle that
represents a crest
Draw an arc that
represents a root
root
crest
Section lines are drawn into
the crest of a thread.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
133 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Minor dia.
DRAWING STEPS OF
THREADED HOLE
2. Blinded threaded hole
Draw
thread
axis
Major dia.
Hole depth
Thread depth
Draw a circle that
represents a crest
Draw an arc that
represents a root DRAWING STEPS OF
THREADED HOLE
2. Blinded threaded hole
Sectional view
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
133 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Minor dia.
DRAWING STEPS OF
THREADED HOLE
2. Blinded threaded hole
Draw
thread
axis
Major dia.
Hole depth
Thread depth
Draw a circle that
represents a crest
Draw an arc that
represents a root DRAWING STEPS OF
THREADED HOLE
2. Blinded threaded hole
Sectional view
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
134 | P a g e
Machine Drawing DIMENSIONING EXTERNAL THREAD
M10 1.5
1.0 Fine thread
Coarse thread
xx
Thread
length
Uselocal noteto specify :-thread form, nominal size,
pitch(if it is a fine thread)
Usetypical methodto specify :-thread length. 3. Thread form
4. Nominal size
5. Pitch
1. Tap drill size
2. Drill depth
6. Thread depth
8.50 Drill, 20 Deep,
M10 Tapped, 15 Deep
DIMENSIONING THREADED HOLE
Uselocal noteto
specify
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
134 | P a g e
Machine Drawing DIMENSIONING EXTERNAL THREAD
M10 1.5
1.0 Fine thread
Coarse thread
xx
Thread
length
Uselocal noteto specify :-thread form, nominal size,
pitch(if it is a fine thread)
Usetypical methodto specify :-thread length. 3. Thread form
4. Nominal size
5. Pitch
1. Tap drill size
2. Drill depth
6. Thread depth
8.50 Drill, 20 Deep,
M10 Tapped, 15 Deep
DIMENSIONING THREADED HOLE
Uselocal noteto
specify
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
135 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Threaded Fastener BOLT : Terminology
Bolt is a threaded cylinder with a head.
Hexagonal head
bolt and nut
Head
thickness
Thread length
Length
Width
across flat
Dimensions of bolt’s head are
listed in table 9.4.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
135 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Threaded Fastener BOLT : Terminology
Bolt is a threaded cylinder with a head.
Hexagonal head
bolt and nut
Head
thickness
Thread length
Length
Width
across flat
Dimensions of bolt’s head are
listed in table 9.4.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
136 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Draw
bolt
axis
Draw an
end view
of the head
B
Starting
position
H
Draw a
bolt head
B/2B/2
30
o
Length
Thread Length
Major
f
Draw
body of a bolt
BOLT : Drawing steps NUT : Drawing steps
Draw an end view
of the nut
B
H
B/2B/2
Dimensions of the nut are given in Table 9.14.
Dash lines represent
a threaded hole are
omitted for clarity.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
136 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Draw
bolt
axis
Draw an
end view
of the head
B
Starting
position
H
Draw a
bolt head
B/2B/2
30
o
Length
Thread Length
Major
f
Draw
body of a bolt
BOLT : Drawing steps NUT : Drawing steps
Draw an end view
of the nut
B
H
B/2B/2
Dimensions of the nut are given in Table 9.14.
Dash lines represent
a threaded hole are
omitted for clarity.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
137 | P a g e
Machine Drawing 1. Insert a bolt into
aclearance hole
2. Insert awasher.
3. Screw anut.
BOLT : Application Studis a headlessbolt, threaded at both ends.
STUD : Terminology
Thread length
Length
Thread length
Drawing
representation
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
137 | P a g e
Machine Drawing 1. Insert a bolt into
aclearance hole
2. Insert awasher.
3. Screw anut.
BOLT : Application Studis a headlessbolt, threaded at both ends.
STUD : Terminology
Thread length
Length
Thread length
Drawing
representation
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
138 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Major
f
STUD : Drawing steps
Draw
stud
axis
Minor
f
Starting
position
Stud Length
Thread Length Thread Length
Draw
45
o
Chamfer
Draw
45
o
Chamfer
Draw line making
30
o
with axis STUD : Application
1. Drill a hole.
3. Screw a stud.
4. Place the part to be
fastened.
5. Insert washer and
fastened a nut.
2. Tap a hole.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
138 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Major
f
STUD : Drawing steps
Draw
stud
axis
Minor
f
Starting
position
Stud Length
Thread Length Thread Length
Draw
45
o
Chamfer
Draw
45
o
Chamfer
Draw line making
30
o
with axis STUD : Application
1. Drill a hole.
3. Screw a stud.
4. Place the part to be
fastened.
5. Insert washer and
fastened a nut.
2. Tap a hole.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
139 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Cap screw is similar to bolt, but has a longer thread
than a bolt.
CAP SCREW : Terminology CAP SCREW : Counterbore hole
x drill,
fy C’bore,
z deep
xdrill,wdeep,
fyC’bore,
zdeep
z
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
139 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Cap screw is similar to bolt, but has a longer thread
than a bolt.
CAP SCREW : Terminology CAP SCREW : Counterbore hole
x drill,
fy C’bore,
z deep
xdrill,wdeep,
fyC’bore,
zdeep
z
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
140 | P a g e
Machine Drawing x drill,
CSK to fy
CAP SCREW : Countersink hole
xdrill, wdeep,
CSK to fy
y
Draw 90
o SET SCREW : Terminology
Set screwis a threaded cylinder used to prevent
rotation or movement between parts.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
140 | P a g e
Machine Drawing x drill,
CSK to fy
CAP SCREW : Countersink hole
xdrill, wdeep,
CSK to fy
y
Draw 90
o SET SCREW : Terminology
Set screwis a threaded cylinder used to prevent
rotation or movement between parts.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
141 | P a g e
Machine Drawing SET SCREW : Application Assembly drawing
•Amachineisanassemblyofvariouslinksorparts.
•Itisnecessarytounderstandtherelationbetweenthe
variouspartsoftheunitforthepurposeofdesignand
production.
•Anassemblydrawingisonewhichrepresentsvarious
partsofamachineintheirworkingposition.
•Thesedrawingsareclassifiedasdesignassembly
drawings,workingassemblydrawings,sub-assembly
drawings,installationassemblydrawings,etc.
•Anassemblydrawingmadeatthedesignstagewhile
developingamachineisknownasdesignassembly
drawing.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
141 | P a g e
Machine Drawing SET SCREW : Application Assembly drawing
•Amachineisanassemblyofvariouslinksorparts.
•Itisnecessarytounderstandtherelationbetweenthe
variouspartsoftheunitforthepurposeofdesignand
production.
•Anassemblydrawingisonewhichrepresentsvarious
partsofamachineintheirworkingposition.
•Thesedrawingsareclassifiedasdesignassembly
drawings,workingassemblydrawings,sub-assembly
drawings,installationassemblydrawings,etc.
•Anassemblydrawingmadeatthedesignstagewhile
developingamachineisknownasdesignassembly
drawing.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
142 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Itismadetoalargerscalesothattherequiredchangesor
modificationsmaybethoughtofbythedesigner,keepinginview
boththefunctionalrequirementandaestheticappearance.
•Workingassemblydrawingsarenormallymadeforsimple
machines,comprisingsmallnumberofparts.
•Eachpartiscompletelydimensionedtofacilitateeasyfabrication.
•Asub-assemblydrawingisanassemblydrawingofagroupof
relatedpartswhichformapartofacomplicatedmachine.
•Thus,anumberofsuchsub-assemblydrawingsareneededtomake
acompleteunit.
•Aninstallationassemblydrawingrevealstherelationbetween
differentunitsofamachine,givinglocationanddimensionsoffew
importantparts. •Thefinalassemblydrawingsarepreparedfrom
designassemblydrawingsorfromtheworking
drawings(componentdrawings).
•Theclass-roomexercisesaredesignedtotrainthe
studentstomasterfundamentalsofmachine
drawing,suchasprinciplesofdrawing,
orthographicprojections,etc.
•Inaddition,thestudentwillunderstandthe
relationbetweenthedifferentpartsofthe
componentsandworkingprinciplesofthe
assembledunit.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
142 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Itismadetoalargerscalesothattherequiredchangesor
modificationsmaybethoughtofbythedesigner,keepinginview
boththefunctionalrequirementandaestheticappearance.
•Workingassemblydrawingsarenormallymadeforsimple
machines,comprisingsmallnumberofparts.
•Eachpartiscompletelydimensionedtofacilitateeasyfabrication.
•Asub-assemblydrawingisanassemblydrawingofagroupof
relatedpartswhichformapartofacomplicatedmachine.
•Thus,anumberofsuchsub-assemblydrawingsareneededtomake
acompleteunit.
•Aninstallationassemblydrawingrevealstherelationbetween
differentunitsofamachine,givinglocationanddimensionsoffew
importantparts. •Thefinalassemblydrawingsarepreparedfrom
designassemblydrawingsorfromtheworking
drawings(componentdrawings).
•Theclass-roomexercisesaredesignedtotrainthe
studentstomasterfundamentalsofmachine
drawing,suchasprinciplesofdrawing,
orthographicprojections,etc.
•Inaddition,thestudentwillunderstandthe
relationbetweenthedifferentpartsofthe
componentsandworkingprinciplesofthe
assembledunit.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
143 | P a g e
Machine Drawing The following steps may be made use of to make
an assembly drawing from component drawings:
•1.Understandthepurpose,principleofoperationand
fieldofapplicationofthegivenmachine.Thiswillhelp
inunderstandingthefunctionalrequirementsof
individualpartsandtheirlocation.
•2.Examinethoroughly,theexternalandinternal
featuresoftheindividualparts.
•3.Chooseaproperscalefortheassemblydrawing.
•4.Estimatetheoveralldimensionsoftheviewsofthe
assemblydrawingandmaketheoutlineblocksforeach
oftherequiredview,leavingenoughspacebetween
them,forindicatingdimensionsandaddingrequired
notes. •5.Drawtheaxesofsymmetryforalltheviewsofthe
assemblydrawing.
•6.Beginwiththeviewfromthefront,bydrawingfirst,the
mainpartsofthemachineandthenaddingtherestofthe
parts,inthesequenceofassembly.
•7.Projecttheotherrequiredviewsfromtheviewfromthe
frontandcompletetheviews.
•8.Markthelocationandoveralldimensionsandaddthe
partnumbersonthedrawing.
•9.Preparethepartslist.10.Addthetitleblock.NOTEItis
notadvisabletocompleteoneviewbeforecommencing
theother.Thebettermethodistodevelopalltherequired
viewssimultaneously.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
143 | P a g e
Machine Drawing The following steps may be made use of to make
an assembly drawing from component drawings:
•1.Understandthepurpose,principleofoperationand
fieldofapplicationofthegivenmachine.Thiswillhelp
inunderstandingthefunctionalrequirementsof
individualpartsandtheirlocation.
•2.Examinethoroughly,theexternalandinternal
featuresoftheindividualparts.
•3.Chooseaproperscalefortheassemblydrawing.
•4.Estimatetheoveralldimensionsoftheviewsofthe
assemblydrawingandmaketheoutlineblocksforeach
oftherequiredview,leavingenoughspacebetween
them,forindicatingdimensionsandaddingrequired
notes. •5.Drawtheaxesofsymmetryforalltheviewsofthe
assemblydrawing.
•6.Beginwiththeviewfromthefront,bydrawingfirst,the
mainpartsofthemachineandthenaddingtherestofthe
parts,inthesequenceofassembly.
•7.Projecttheotherrequiredviewsfromtheviewfromthe
frontandcompletetheviews.
•8.Markthelocationandoveralldimensionsandaddthe
partnumbersonthedrawing.
•9.Preparethepartslist.10.Addthetitleblock.NOTEItis
notadvisabletocompleteoneviewbeforecommencing
theother.Thebettermethodistodevelopalltherequired
viewssimultaneously.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
144 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Assembly Drawings
•Engine parts:
•1.Stuffing boxes
•2.cross heads
•3.Eccentrics
•4.Petrol engine connecting rod
•5.piston Assembly 1.Stuffing boxes
•Itisusedtopreventlossoffluidsuchassteam,betweenslidingor
turningpartsofmachineelements.
•Inasteamengine,whenthepistonrodreciprocatesthroughthe
cylindercover;stuffingboxprovidedinthecylindercover,prevents
leakageofsteamfromthecylinder.
•Figure18.1showsthevariouspartsofastuffingbox.
•Atthebaseofstuffingboxbody1,abush3isplacedsuchthatthe
bevellededgeofthebushisattheinnersideofthebody.
•Gland2isplacedattheotherendofthebodyandisconnectedto
themainbodybymeansofstuds4andnuts5.
•Thespacebetweenthereciprocatingrodandthebushandthe
glandispackedwithapackingmaterialsuchasmineralfibres,
leather,rubberorcork.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
144 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Assembly Drawings
•Engine parts:
•1.Stuffing boxes
•2.cross heads
•3.Eccentrics
•4.Petrol engine connecting rod
•5.piston Assembly 1.Stuffing boxes
•Itisusedtopreventlossoffluidsuchassteam,betweenslidingor
turningpartsofmachineelements.
•Inasteamengine,whenthepistonrodreciprocatesthroughthe
cylindercover;stuffingboxprovidedinthecylindercover,prevents
leakageofsteamfromthecylinder.
•Figure18.1showsthevariouspartsofastuffingbox.
•Atthebaseofstuffingboxbody1,abush3isplacedsuchthatthe
bevellededgeofthebushisattheinnersideofthebody.
•Gland2isplacedattheotherendofthebodyandisconnectedto
themainbodybymeansofstuds4andnuts5.
•Thespacebetweenthereciprocatingrodandthebushandthe
glandispackedwithapackingmaterialsuchasmineralfibres,
leather,rubberorcork.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
145 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
145 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
146 | P a g e
Machine Drawing 2.cross heads
•Figure18.3showsthedetailsofanothertype
ofsteamenginecrosshead.
•Itconsistsofabodyorslideblock1,which
slidesin-betweenparallelguidesintheframe
oftheengine.
•Thepistonrodend2isfittedtothecrosshead
withthehelpofbolts5andnuts6and7after
placingthebrasses4,andcoverplate3in
position.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
146 | P a g e
Machine Drawing 2.cross heads
•Figure18.3showsthedetailsofanothertype
ofsteamenginecrosshead.
•Itconsistsofabodyorslideblock1,which
slidesin-betweenparallelguidesintheframe
oftheengine.
•Thepistonrodend2isfittedtothecrosshead
withthehelpofbolts5andnuts6and7after
placingthebrasses4,andcoverplate3in
position.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
147 | P a g e
Machine Drawing 3.Eccentrics
•Itisusedtoprovideashortreciprocatingmotion,actuated
bytherotationofashaft.
•Eccentricsareusedforoperatingsteamvalves,smallpump
plungers,shakingscreens,etc.
•Thecomponentsofaneccentricareshowninisometric
views(Fig.18.8a)foreasyunderstandingoftheirshapes.
•Rotarymotioncanbeconvertedintoareciprocating
motionwithaneccentric,butthereverseconversionisnot
possibleduetoexcessivefrictionbetweenthesheaveand
thestrap.
•Thecrankarrangement,inaslidercrankmechanism
however,allowsconversionineitherdirection.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
147 | P a g e
Machine Drawing 3.Eccentrics
•Itisusedtoprovideashortreciprocatingmotion,actuated
bytherotationofashaft.
•Eccentricsareusedforoperatingsteamvalves,smallpump
plungers,shakingscreens,etc.
•Thecomponentsofaneccentricareshowninisometric
views(Fig.18.8a)foreasyunderstandingoftheirshapes.
•Rotarymotioncanbeconvertedintoareciprocating
motionwithaneccentric,butthereverseconversionisnot
possibleduetoexcessivefrictionbetweenthesheaveand
thestrap.
•Thecrankarrangement,inaslidercrankmechanism
however,allowsconversionineitherdirection.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
148 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Figure18.8bshowsthevariouspartsofaneccentric.The
sheave2whichisintheformofacirculardiscwitha
steppedrimiskeyedontheshaft.
•Whentheshaftrotates,thesheaverotateseccentrically
becauseoftheeccentricallyplacedholeinitandimparts
reciprocatingmotiontoeccentricrod6.
•Thestraps1aresemi-circularelementswithanannular
recesstoaccommodatethesteppedrimofthesheave.
•Theseareheldtogetheronthesheavebymeansofstrap
bolts4,withpackingstrips3placedbetweenthem.
•Theeccentricrodisfixedtotheeccentricstrapbymeansof
thestudsandnuts5.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
148 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Figure18.8bshowsthevariouspartsofaneccentric.The
sheave2whichisintheformofacirculardiscwitha
steppedrimiskeyedontheshaft.
•Whentheshaftrotates,thesheaverotateseccentrically
becauseoftheeccentricallyplacedholeinitandimparts
reciprocatingmotiontoeccentricrod6.
•Thestraps1aresemi-circularelementswithanannular
recesstoaccommodatethesteppedrimofthesheave.
•Theseareheldtogetheronthesheavebymeansofstrap
bolts4,withpackingstrips3placedbetweenthem.
•Theeccentricrodisfixedtotheeccentricstrapbymeansof
thestudsandnuts5.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
149 | P a g e
Machine Drawing 4.Petrol engine connecting rod
•Figure19.1showstheassemblydrawingofapetrolengine
connectingrod,thebigendofwhichissplitintotwohalves.
•Itisusedincentrecrankengines.
•Thebearingbush4whichisinonepiece,isfittedatthesmallend
oftheconnectingrod1.
•Thesmallendoftherodisconnectedtothepiston.
•Themainbearingbush,whichissplitintotwohalves,isplacedat
thebigendoftheconnectingrod.
•Thebigendoftherodisconnectedtothecrankpinofthecenter
crank.
•First,thesplitbearingbrasses3areplacedonthecrankpin,then
thebigendoftheconnectingrodandthecap2areclampedonto
these,bymeansoftwobolts5andnuts6.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
149 | P a g e
Machine Drawing 4.Petrol engine connecting rod
•Figure19.1showstheassemblydrawingofapetrolengine
connectingrod,thebigendofwhichissplitintotwohalves.
•Itisusedincentrecrankengines.
•Thebearingbush4whichisinonepiece,isfittedatthesmallend
oftheconnectingrod1.
•Thesmallendoftherodisconnectedtothepiston.
•Themainbearingbush,whichissplitintotwohalves,isplacedat
thebigendoftheconnectingrod.
•Thebigendoftherodisconnectedtothecrankpinofthecenter
crank.
•First,thesplitbearingbrasses3areplacedonthecrankpin,then
thebigendoftheconnectingrodandthecap2areclampedonto
these,bymeansoftwobolts5andnuts6.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
150 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Thebearingbrassesaremadeofgun-metal,
becauseithasgoodresistancetocorrosion.
•Oilgrooveisprovidedatthecentreofthe
bearing.
•Thebearingbushismadeofphosphorbronze
toprovidelowcoefficientoffriction.
•Oilgrooveisprovidedinthisbushfor
lubricationbetweenthepinandbearing.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
150 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Thebearingbrassesaremadeofgun-metal,
becauseithasgoodresistancetocorrosion.
•Oilgrooveisprovidedatthecentreofthe
bearing.
•Thebearingbushismadeofphosphorbronze
toprovidelowcoefficientoffriction.
•Oilgrooveisprovidedinthisbushfor
lubricationbetweenthepinandbearing.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
151 | P a g e
Machine Drawing 5.Piston Assembly
•A piston is cylindrical in form and reciprocates
in a cylinder.
•The petrol engine piston is generally die cast
in aluminium alloy.
•It is connected to the small end of the
connecting rod by means of a gudgeonpin.
•Figure 18.6 shows the details of the petrol
engine piston assembly.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
151 | P a g e
Machine Drawing 5.Piston Assembly
•A piston is cylindrical in form and reciprocates
in a cylinder.
•The petrol engine piston is generally die cast
in aluminium alloy.
•It is connected to the small end of the
connecting rod by means of a gudgeonpin.
•Figure 18.6 shows the details of the petrol
engine piston assembly.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
152 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Fivepistonrings4arepositionedinthepiston1;four
atthetopandoneatthebottom.
•Thetoppistonrings,knownascompressionrings,
preventleakageofgasesfromcombustionchamber
intothecrankcase.
•Thebottomone;oilorscraperring,preventsthe
lubricatingoilfromenteringthecombustionchamber.
•Thepistonisconnectedtothesmallendofthe
connectingrod,bymeansofthegudgeonorpistonpin
2;theaxialmovementofwhichispreventedbypiston
plugs3.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
152 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Fivepistonrings4arepositionedinthepiston1;four
atthetopandoneatthebottom.
•Thetoppistonrings,knownascompressionrings,
preventleakageofgasesfromcombustionchamber
intothecrankcase.
•Thebottomone;oilorscraperring,preventsthe
lubricatingoilfromenteringthecombustionchamber.
•Thepistonisconnectedtothesmallendofthe
connectingrod,bymeansofthegudgeonorpistonpin
2;theaxialmovementofwhichispreventedbypiston
plugs3.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
153 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Other machine Elements
•1.Screw jack
•2.Machine vice
•3.Single tool post Screw jack
•Screwjacksareusedforraisingheavyloads
throughverysmallheights.
•Figure18.51showsthedetailsofonetypeof
screwjack.
•Inthis,thescrew3worksinthenut2whichis
pressfittedintothemainbody1.
•Thetommybar7isinsertedintoaholethrough
theenlargedheadofthescrewandwhenthisis
turned,thescrewwillmoveupordown,thereby
raisingorloweringtheload.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
153 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Other machine Elements
•1.Screw jack
•2.Machine vice
•3.Single tool post Screw jack
•Screwjacksareusedforraisingheavyloads
throughverysmallheights.
•Figure18.51showsthedetailsofonetypeof
screwjack.
•Inthis,thescrew3worksinthenut2whichis
pressfittedintothemainbody1.
•Thetommybar7isinsertedintoaholethrough
theenlargedheadofthescrewandwhenthisis
turned,thescrewwillmoveupordown,thereby
raisingorloweringtheload.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
154 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
154 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
155 | P a g e
Machine Drawing 2.Machine vice
•The details of a plain machine vice are shown in
Fig. 18.22.
•It consists of the base 1 which is clamped to the
machine table using two T-bolts.
•The sliding block 3 is fixed in the centre slot of the
base by means of the guide screw 4.
•The movable jaw 2 is fixed to the sliding block
with four screws 8 and 7.
•One of the serrated plates 5 is fixed to the jaw of
the base by means of screws 6 and the other to
the movable jaw by the screws 7. •One end of the guide screw is fixed to the base by means of
the washer 9 and nut 10 (not shown in figure).
•The movable jaw is operated by means of a handle (not
shown) which fits onto the square end of the guide screw.
•Figure 18.22 shows the details of a machine vice.
•Assemble the parts and draw,
•(i) sectional view from the front,
•(ii) view from above and
•(iii) view from the left.
•Use suitable scale.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
155 | P a g e
Machine Drawing 2.Machine vice
•The details of a plain machine vice are shown in
Fig. 18.22.
•It consists of the base 1 which is clamped to the
machine table using two T-bolts.
•The sliding block 3 is fixed in the centre slot of the
base by means of the guide screw 4.
•The movable jaw 2 is fixed to the sliding block
with four screws 8 and 7.
•One of the serrated plates 5 is fixed to the jaw of
the base by means of screws 6 and the other to
the movable jaw by the screws 7. •One end of the guide screw is fixed to the base by means of
the washer 9 and nut 10 (not shown in figure).
•The movable jaw is operated by means of a handle (not
shown) which fits onto the square end of the guide screw.
•Figure 18.22 shows the details of a machine vice.
•Assemble the parts and draw,
•(i) sectional view from the front,
•(ii) view from above and
•(iii) view from the left.
•Use suitable scale.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
156 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
156 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
157 | P a g e
Machine Drawing 3.Single tool post
•Tool posts of several designs are available to support and
hold the cutting tools in lathe machines.
•Figure 18.14 shows the part drawings of a single tool post,
which supports one cutting tool at a time and is used on
small sized lathes.
•This unit is fixed on the compound rest of the lathe
carriage.
•The single tool post consists of a circular body 1 with a
collar at one end and a threaded hole at the other.
•A vertical slot is provided in the body to accommodate the
tool/tool holder. The body is slid through the square block
5, which is finally located in the T-slot, provided in the
compound rest. •The design permits rotation of the body about the vertical
axis. A circular ring 4 having spherical top surface is slid
over the body and the wedge 3 is located in the vertical
slot.
•The tool / tool holder is placed over the wedge. By sliding
the wedge on the ring, the tool tip level can be adjusted.
•The tool is clamped in position by means of the square
headed clamping screw 2, passing through the head of the
body.
•Figure 19.8 shows the assembly drawing of a single tool
post. Assemble the parts of a lathe single tool post, shown
in Fig. 18.14 and draw, (i) half sectional view from the front
and (ii) view from the right.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
157 | P a g e
Machine Drawing 3.Single tool post
•Tool posts of several designs are available to support and
hold the cutting tools in lathe machines.
•Figure 18.14 shows the part drawings of a single tool post,
which supports one cutting tool at a time and is used on
small sized lathes.
•This unit is fixed on the compound rest of the lathe
carriage.
•The single tool post consists of a circular body 1 with a
collar at one end and a threaded hole at the other.
•A vertical slot is provided in the body to accommodate the
tool/tool holder. The body is slid through the square block
5, which is finally located in the T-slot, provided in the
compound rest. •The design permits rotation of the body about the vertical
axis. A circular ring 4 having spherical top surface is slid
over the body and the wedge 3 is located in the vertical
slot.
•The tool / tool holder is placed over the wedge. By sliding
the wedge on the ring, the tool tip level can be adjusted.
•The tool is clamped in position by means of the square
headed clamping screw 2, passing through the head of the
body.
•Figure 19.8 shows the assembly drawing of a single tool
post. Assemble the parts of a lathe single tool post, shown
in Fig. 18.14 and draw, (i) half sectional view from the front
and (ii) view from the right.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
158 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
158 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
159 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Valves
•1.Steam stop valve
•2.Feed check valve
•3.Non return valve Steam Stop Valve
•Thefunctionofasteamstopvalveistoregulatetheamountofsteam
passingthroughthesteampipe.
•Itisoperatedmanually.Figure19.18showsonedesignofasteamstop
valve.
•Thevalveseat7isscrewedintothevalvebody1.
•Thevalve6isattachedtothespindle8byacollar9andapin.
•Thecover2isattachedtothebodyalongwiththestuffingbox,bystuds
andnuts11.
•Abridge5isattachedtothecover,bymeansoftwostudswithcollars12.
•Thespindleisscrewedintothebridgeandahandwheeliskeptinposition
attheendofthespindlebyanut13.
•Whenthehandwheelisoperated,thevalvemovesperpendiculartothe
seatandallowsthesteamtopassfromthelefttotherightsideofthe
valve.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
159 | P a g e
Machine Drawing Valves
•1.Steam stop valve
•2.Feed check valve
•3.Non return valve Steam Stop Valve
•Thefunctionofasteamstopvalveistoregulatetheamountofsteam
passingthroughthesteampipe.
•Itisoperatedmanually.Figure19.18showsonedesignofasteamstop
valve.
•Thevalveseat7isscrewedintothevalvebody1.
•Thevalve6isattachedtothespindle8byacollar9andapin.
•Thecover2isattachedtothebodyalongwiththestuffingbox,bystuds
andnuts11.
•Abridge5isattachedtothecover,bymeansoftwostudswithcollars12.
•Thespindleisscrewedintothebridgeandahandwheeliskeptinposition
attheendofthespindlebyanut13.
•Whenthehandwheelisoperated,thevalvemovesperpendiculartothe
seatandallowsthesteamtopassfromthelefttotherightsideofthe
valve.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
160 | P a g e
Machine Drawing 2.Feed check valve
•Itisusedinboilerstoregulatethesupplyoffeedwaterandto
maintainthewaterlevel.
•Itisfittedclosetotheboilershellandinthefeedpipeline.Figure
18.34showsthedetailsofafeedcheckvalve.
•Thevalvepreventswaterfrombeingreturnedtothesupplyline,
duetosteampressureintheboiler.Hence,itfunctionslikeanon-
returnvalve.
•Itconsistsofabodywithtwoflangesatrightangleandfeedwater
entersatthebottomandenterstheboilerthroughtheside
opening.
•Thevalveseat5isintroducedintothebodyofthevalvefromthe
topopening.
•Thevalve4islocatedinthevalveseat,whichguidesthe
movementofthebody
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
160 | P a g e
Machine Drawing 2.Feed check valve
•Itisusedinboilerstoregulatethesupplyoffeedwaterandto
maintainthewaterlevel.
•Itisfittedclosetotheboilershellandinthefeedpipeline.Figure
18.34showsthedetailsofafeedcheckvalve.
•Thevalvepreventswaterfrombeingreturnedtothesupplyline,
duetosteampressureintheboiler.Hence,itfunctionslikeanon-
returnvalve.
•Itconsistsofabodywithtwoflangesatrightangleandfeedwater
entersatthebottomandenterstheboilerthroughtheside
opening.
•Thevalveseat5isintroducedintothebodyofthevalvefromthe
topopening.
•Thevalve4islocatedinthevalveseat,whichguidesthe
movementofthebody
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
161 | P a g e
Machine Drawing 3.Non return valve
•Valveisadeviceusedforregulatingtheflowoffluid.In
thenon-returnvalve,thepressureofthefluidallows
theflowinonedirectiononly.
•Whentheinletpressureofthefluidisgreaterthanthe
pressureatthetopofthevalve,itgetsliftedandallows
thefluidtoflowpast.
•However,asthefluidpressurebuilds-upmoreatthe
top;theflowceasesandthefluidwillnotbepermitted
inthereversedirection,duetoshuttingofthevalve
automatically.
•Itisusedinboilerfeedwatersystem.Figure18.30
showsthedetailsofanon-returnvalve..
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
161 | P a g e
Machine Drawing 3.Non return valve
•Valveisadeviceusedforregulatingtheflowoffluid.In
thenon-returnvalve,thepressureofthefluidallows
theflowinonedirectiononly.
•Whentheinletpressureofthefluidisgreaterthanthe
pressureatthetopofthevalve,itgetsliftedandallows
thefluidtoflowpast.
•However,asthefluidpressurebuilds-upmoreatthe
top;theflowceasesandthefluidwillnotbepermitted
inthereversedirection,duetoshuttingofthevalve
automatically.
•Itisusedinboilerfeedwatersystem.Figure18.30
showsthedetailsofanon-returnvalve..
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
162 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •The fluid enters at the bottom of the valve and leaves from
the side.
•It consists of a body 1 with flanges at right angle, for the
purpose of mounting the same.
•The valve seat 3 is introduced into the body from top and
secured in place by set-screw 6.
•The valve 4 is also introduced from top and located in the
valve seat.
•The valve seat allows free sliding of the valve in it.
•The studs 5 are first screwed into the body and after
placing the cover 2, it is tightened with nuts.
• •Aswaterwithpressureentersatthebottomofthevalve,
thevalvegetsliftedinthevalveseat,allowingfreeflowof
waterthroughtheexit.
•However,theamountofliftofthevalveiscontrolledby
thecover.
•Exercise
•Thepartdrawingsofanon-returnvalveareshowninFig.
18.30.
•Assemblethepartsanddraw,
•(i)halfsectionalviewfromthefront,
•(ii)viewfromtheleftand
•(iii)viewfromabove
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
162 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •The fluid enters at the bottom of the valve and leaves from
the side.
•It consists of a body 1 with flanges at right angle, for the
purpose of mounting the same.
•The valve seat 3 is introduced into the body from top and
secured in place by set-screw 6.
•The valve 4 is also introduced from top and located in the
valve seat.
•The valve seat allows free sliding of the valve in it.
•The studs 5 are first screwed into the body and after
placing the cover 2, it is tightened with nuts.
• •Aswaterwithpressureentersatthebottomofthevalve,
thevalvegetsliftedinthevalveseat,allowingfreeflowof
waterthroughtheexit.
•However,theamountofliftofthevalveiscontrolledby
thecover.
•Exercise
•Thepartdrawingsofanon-returnvalveareshowninFig.
18.30.
•Assemblethepartsanddraw,
•(i)halfsectionalviewfromthefront,
•(ii)viewfromtheleftand
•(iii)viewfromabove
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
163 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Whenavalveisoperatedbythepressureofa
fluid,itiscalledanon-returnvalve,because,due
tothereductioninthepressureofthefluid,the
valveautomaticallyshuts-off,ensuringnon-return
ofthefluid.
•Figure18.31ashowsabrass/gunmetalvalve
withabevellededgeonthevalveseat.
•Theisometricviewoftheinvertedvalveshows
thedetailsofthewebs.
•However,inthenon-returnvalve,aseparate
valveseatisnotprovided.
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
163 | P a g e
Machine Drawing •Whenavalveisoperatedbythepressureofa
fluid,itiscalledanon-returnvalve,because,due
tothereductioninthepressureofthefluid,the
valveautomaticallyshuts-off,ensuringnon-return
ofthefluid.
•Figure18.31ashowsabrass/gunmetalvalve
withabevellededgeonthevalveseat.
•Theisometricviewoftheinvertedvalveshows
thedetailsofthewebs.
•However,inthenon-returnvalve,aseparate
valveseatisnotprovided.
Instructor: Mr.P.Madhu Raghava, Assistant Professor,
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
164 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
All the Best
Thank you
Mobile Number: 9573030634, You tube channel :pmr777
e-mail: :[email protected]
164 | P a g e
Machine Drawing
All the Best
Thank you
Categories
GeneralDownload
Download Slideshow Get the original presentation fileQuick Actions
Statistics
- Views 2,150
- Slides 164
- Favorites 4
- Age 1759 days
Related Slideshows
22
Pray For The Peace Of Jerusalem and You Will Prosper
RodolfoMoralesMarcuc
32 views
26
Don_t_Waste_Your_Life_God.....powerpoint
chalobrido8
35 views
31
VILLASUR_FACTORS_TO_CONSIDER_IN_PLATING_SALAD_10-13.pdf
JaiJai148317
32 views
14
Fertility awareness methods for women in the society
Isaiah47
30 views
35
Chapter 5 Arithmetic Functions Computer Organisation and Architecture
RitikSharma297999
29 views
5
syakira bhasa inggris (1) (1).pptx.......
ourcommunity56
30 views