Macro biomolecules the lipids everything

All about lipids and fats

1. Prepared by Asma Manzoor Rashid Latif college of Pharmacy 1 LIPIDS Prepared by Asma Manzoor

2. INTRODUCTION 2 Fixed oils ,fats and waxes are also in a broader sense collectively called LIPIDS. Definition: “ Chemically Lipids can be defined as the esters of long-chains of fatty acids and alcohols” Fixed oils Lipids are the ester of long-chain fatty acids & alcohol or of closely related derivatives but in fixed oils fatty acid is unsaturated and liquid at room temperature. Example 1. Cotton seed oil 2. Castor oil 3. Linseed oil Prepared by Asma Manzoor

3. 3 Fats Lipids are the ester of long-chain fatty acids & alcohol or of closely related derivatives but in fats fatty acid is saturated and solid at room temperature. . Example 1. Wool fat 2. Coconut oil Prepared by Asma Manzoor

4. 4 If a substance is liquid at 15.5-16.5ºC it is called a fixed oil if solid or semisolid at the above temperature, it is called a fat. Prepared by Asma Manzoor

5. 5 Waxes Waxes are esters of long chains of fatty acids and alcohols. The fatty acids are same in wax and fats but the difference being saponification. Examples spermaceti beeswax carnuba wax Prepared by Asma Manzoor

6. Classification 6 The classification is based on the ability to absorb oxygen from the air. Fixed oil may be: Drying oil (more ability to absorb oxygen) 2. Semi-drying oil (less ability to absorb oxygen) 3. Non-drying oil (least ability to absorb oxygen) . Prepared by Asma Manzoor

7. Difference Between Volatile Oil and Fixed Oil 7 Volatile oils Also called as an essential oil. Volatile oil can evaporate when placed under room temperature They can be extracted easily by the distillation process There is no spot (no permanent stain) left after evaporation They are unable to undergo saponification . Mixtures of eleoptenes & stearoptenes are termed as volatile oils These are optically active. primary source are leaves,roots,in petals and bark. Prepared by Asma Manzoor

8. 8 Fixed Oils Also called as natural non-volatile oil. Fixed oils do not evaporate at room temperature They require some specific techniques for extraction. Some type of spot (permanent stain) left after evaporation Fixed oils can be easily saponified . Esters of higher fatty acids & glycerin are called as fixed oils. These are optically inactive. Their major source is seeds of the plant. Prepared by Asma Manzoor

9. 9 Fixed oils Prepared by Asma Manzoor

10. Examples 10 CASTOR OIL COTTON SEED OIL OLIVE OIL PEANUT OIL SUNFLOWER OIL CORN OIL COCUNUT OIL ALMOND OIL LINSEED OIL MUSTARD OIL SESAME OIL SOYA OIL Prepared by Asma Manzoor

11. 1. CASTOR OIL 11 Botanical Origin Ricinus communis Family Euphorbiaceae Part Used Oil obtained from the ripe seeds Preparation Oil is obtained from castor seeds after removing the seed coats and expressed at room temperature with 1-2 tons pressure per square inch till about 30 % oil is obtained. The oil contains toxic principle RICIN (a toxalbumin ) and enzyme Lipase Prepared by Asma Manzoor

12. 12 Oil is refined by steaming which coagulates and precipitates the RICIN and lipases becomes inactive. The oil is then filtered and used for medicinal purposes. Prepared by Asma Manzoor

13. CONSTITUENTS 13 Castor oil contains Glycerides of Ricinoleic acid (80%) 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)5𝐶𝐻(𝑂𝐻)𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Isoricinoleic acid Stearic acid Dihydroxy stearic acid Vitamin F (a hair growth vitamin) Prepared by Asma Manzoor

14. USES 14 Mild Purgative Lubricating agent Excellent active principle in Products for normal, damaged and delicate hairs,products for the scalp Body products Face products for normal and dry skin Prepared by Asma Manzoor

15. 2. COTTON SEED OIL 15 Botanical Origin Gossypium herbaceum Family Malvaceae Part Used Dried ripe seeds Extraction Obtained by hot expression method Seeds are steamed and the pressed under 1500lb pressure to get 30% fixed oil Oil is turbid which is refined by filtration Now decolorize it and bleached Prepared by Asma Manzoor

16. 16 Constituents Oil contains: Linoleic acid 45% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)4𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Oleic acid 30% Myristic acid 3% Palmitic acid 20% Stearic acid 1% Arachidic acid 1% Uses Solvents for number of injections Soap manufacture Cooking oil Prepared by Asma Manzoor

17. 3. OLIVE OIL 17 Botanical Origin Olea europoea Family Oleaceae Part Used Ripe fruits Extraction Oil is obtained by expression method Different or various grades of olive oil available: Prepared by Asma Manzoor

18. 18 Virgin olive oil Obtained by first expression of pulp of fruits Edible oil The marc is again expressed and finally sends for solvent extraction. The second extracted oil is edible oil Constituents It contains glycerides of the following fatty acids: Oleic acid 75% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Linoleic acid Palmitic acid Stearic acid Prepared by Asma Manzoor

19. Uses 19 1.  Olive oil has demulcent, emollient and laxative properties. 2. It is used as a vehicle for oily parenteral preparations. 3. It is also used in the preparation of lubricants, plasters, textiles, soaps, and in cosmetics Prepared by Asma Manzoor

20. 4.PEANUT OIL 20 Botanical Origin Arachis hypogaea Family Leguminosae Part Used Dried ripe seeds Extraction By expression method Prepared by Asma Manzoor

21. 21 Constituents Peanut oil contains: Linoleic acid 13-18% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)4𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Oleic acid 50-65% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Palmitic acid 10% Stearic acid Arachidic acid Arachidonic acid Prepared by Asma Manzoor

22. Uses 22 1. Solvent for IM injection 2. Valuable lubricant 3. Food oil 4. Anti-oxidant Prepared by Asma Manzoor

23. 5.SUNFLOWER OIL 23 Botanical origin Helianthus annuus Family Compositae Part used Ripe seeds Extraction Obtained by expression method Prepared by Asma Manzoor

24. 24 Constituents Palmitic acid 5% Stearic acid 6% Oleic acid 30% Linoleic acid 59% Prepared by Asma Manzoor

25. Uses 25 1. Used as cooking oil due to high level of polyunsaturated fats 2. Used in cosmetic preparations due to its emollient effects. 3. Rich in vitamin E and low in saturated fats, thus helps in lowering chance of cardiovascular diseases. Prepared by Asma Manzoor

26. 6.CORN OIL OR MAIZE OIL 26 Botanical Origin Zea mays Family Graminae Part Used Grains or seeds Constituents Linoleic acid 50% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)4𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Oleic acid 37% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Palmitic acid 10% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)14𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Stearic acid 3% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)16𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Prepared by Asma Manzoor

27. USES 27 As the oil consist of higher contents of unsaturated fatty acids , it is regarded as of value in diet designed to limit blood cholesterol level in patients with hypercholesterolemia. It is used in place of other vegetable oils , in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations. Prepared by Asma Manzoor

28. 7. COCUNUT OIL 28 Botanical Origin Cocos nucifera Family Palmae Extraction Coconut oil is obtained by expression or solvent extraction from the dried solid parts of the endosperm of cocos nucifera . Prepared by Asma Manzoor

29. 29 Constituents Saturated Fatty acids 80-85% Lauric acid 50% Capric acid 8% Caprylic acid 9% Myristic acid 30% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)12𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Palmitic acid 10% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)14𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Stearic acid 3% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)16𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Prepared by Asma Manzoor

30. USES 30 It is widely used as edible fats in confectionaries, cosmetics and pharmaceutically in oitment bases. Natural skin moisturizer Prepared by Asma Manzoor

31. 8. ALMOND OIL 31 Botanical Origin Prunus amygdalis Dulcis variety: sweet Amara variety: bitter Family Rosaceae Part Used Ripe seeds Extraction Obtained by expressing the seeds of Prunus amygdalis Prepared by Asma Manzoor

32. 32 Constituents Seeds contain: Fixed oil 40-45% Proteins & mucilage 20% Oil contains: Linoleic acid 17% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)4𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Oleic acid 77% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Myristic acid 1% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)12𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Palmitic acid 5% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)14𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Prepared by Asma Manzoor

33. 33 Uses 1. Emollient 2. Mild laxative 3. Vehicle for oily injections 4. An ingredient in cosmetics Prepared by Asma Manzoor

34. 9. LINSEED OIL( Flax seed), alsi 34 Botanical Origin Linum usitatissimum Family Linaceae Extraction Linseed oil is obtained by expression of linseeds Prepared by Asma Manzoor

35. CONSTITUENTS 35 Fixed oil 30-40% Linseed oil composed of the glycerides of the following fatty acids: Linoleic acid 23-24% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)4𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Oleic acid 10-18% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Linolenic acid 36-50% 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Myristic acid 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)12𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Palmitic acid 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)14𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Stearic acid 5-11% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)16𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Prepared by Asma Manzoor

36. USES 36 It is used as demulcent In the form of poultices for gouty and rheumatic swellings Linseed oil has emollient, expectorant, diuretic, and laxative properties and it is utilized externally in lotions and liniments. Prepared by Asma Manzoor

37. 10. MUSTARD OIL ( Sarso ka tel ) 37 Botanical Origin Brassica nigra Family Cruciferae Part Used Ripe seeds Extraction: Oil is obtained by the expression of seeds Prepared by Asma Manzoor

38. 38 Constituents Erusic acid 42% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻(𝐶𝐻2)11𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Oleic acid 18% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 lenoleic acid 15% Myristic acid (0.5-10%) 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)12𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Prepared by Asma Manzoor

39. USES 39 1. Edible oil 2. Hair treatment 3. Rubifacient 4 . Infant massage oil 5 . Cosmetics like soap, shampoo etc Prepared by Asma Manzoor

40. 11.SESAME OIL ( Til ) 40 Botanical Origin Sesamum indicum Family Pedaliaceae Part Used Ripe seeds Extraction Obtained by expression method Prepared by Asma Manzoor

41. 41 Seeds contain: Fixed oil 45% Oil contains: Linoleic acid 45% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)4𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Oleic acid 45% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Palmitic acid 9% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)14𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Stearic acid 4% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)16𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Stability of oil is due to phenolic compounds which is Sesamol Prepared by Asma Manzoor

42. 42 Uses 1. Solvent for IM injections 2. Demulcent & emollient 3. Laxative 4. Anti-oxidant 5. Decrease cholesterol level 6. Headache pain and anxiety 7. Hair treatment and body massage 8. SESAMOLIN contained in the unsaponifiable fraction of the oil is an effective synergist for pyrethrum insecticides. Prepared by Asma Manzoor

43. 12. SOYBEAN OIL 43 Botanical Origin Glycine max Family Leguminosae Part Used Ripe seeds Extraction Obtained by expression method Prepared by Asma Manzoor

44. 44 Constituents Soybean oil contains: Linoleic acid 50% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)4𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Oleic acid 30% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Linolenic acid 7% 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Palmitic acid 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)14𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Stearic acid 14% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)16𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Prepared by Asma Manzoor

45. USES 45 1 Extensively used as varnishes Plant sterols, chemicals derived from soybean oil, are used to lower total  cholesterol and “bad” low-density lipoprotein ( LDL )  cholesterol . Specially processed soybean oil is used to treat  osteoarthritis . Some people apply soybean oil directly to the  skin  to repel  mosquitoes  and other insects. Soybean oil is also used as a nutritional supplement in intravenous feedings. Prepared by Asma Manzoor

46. 46 FATS & RELATED COMPOUNDS Prepared by Asma Manzoor

47. 1. LANOLIN (WOOL FAT) 47 Lanolin is the fat like purified secretions of the sebaceous glands which is deposited into the wool fibers of sheep Zoological Origin Ovis aries Family Bovidae Prepared by Asma Manzoor

48. CONSTITUENTS 48 Major constituents are; Cholesterol Isocholesterol Glycerides of different fatty acids: Lanopalmitic acid Lanoceric acid Carnaubic acid Oleic acid 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Myristic acid 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)12𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Other F.A in minor quantities. Prepared by Asma Manzoor

49. USES: 49 1.As emollient 2. Wool fat is rapidly absorbed through skin and helps in increasing the absorption of active ingredients incorporated in the ointment. Prepared by Asma Manzoor

50. 2.THEOBROMA OIL(COCOA BUTTER) 50 Botanical Origin Theobroma cocoa Theobroma cacao Family Sterculiaceae Part Used: Roasted seeds Prepared by Asma Manzoor

51. CONSTITUENTS 51 It contains the glycerides of the following fatty acids; Linoleic acid 2% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)4𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Oleic acid 37% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝐻=𝐶𝐻(𝐶𝐻2)7𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Palmitic acid 26% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)14𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Stearic acid 34% 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)16𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 Prepared by Asma Manzoor

52. 52 Uses: 1. Pharmaceutically used as suppositories base. 2. Emollient in cosmetics, soaps & lotions 3. Used as lubricant 4. Natural anti-oxidant product 5. In petroleum jelly 6. Used in manufacturing of chocolates, candies & biscuits. Prepared by Asma Manzoor

53. 53 WAXES Prepared by Asma Manzoor

54. 1.SPERMACETI 54 Zoological Origin: Physeter macrocephalus Family: Physeteridae Part Used: Wax like substance obtained from the head of sperm whale Prepared by Asma Manzoor

55. 55 Constituents Cetyl laurate Cetyl myristate 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)12𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐶16𝐻33 Cetyl palmitate 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)14𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐶16𝐻33 Cetyl stearate 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)16𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐶16𝐻33 Uses: 1. As an ingredient in cold cream & cosmetics. 2. Emollient & protective property. 3. As emulsifier Prepared by Asma Manzoor

56. 2. BEE’S WAX 56 Zoological Origin: Apis mellifera Family: Apidae Part Used: Wax obtained from honey comb of the bee. Prepared by Asma Manzoor

57. 57 Constituents: Myricyl palmitate (80%) 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)14𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐶30𝐻61 Myricyl stearate 𝐶𝐻3(𝐶𝐻2)16𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐶30𝐻61 Cerotic acid (wax acid) Uses: 1. In preparation of yellow ointment & plasters. 2. Used in cosmetics. 3. Used commercially in a number of polishes & candles Prepared by Asma Manzoor

58. 3. CARNAUBA WAX 58 Botanical Origin: Copernicia prunifera Family: Palmae Part Used: Wax obtained from palm tree. Prepared by Asma Manzoor

59. 59 Constituents: Carnaubic acid Cerotic acid Melissyl cerotate Uses: 1. Manufacturing of candles 2. Wax varnishes 3. Leather, furniture polishes 4. Shoe polishes 5. Lipsticks 6. Emollient property Prepared by Asma Manzoor

60. 4. JOJOBA OIL 60 Botanical Origin: Simmondsia chinensis Family: Buxaceae Part Used: Liquid wax obtained from the seeds Prepared by Asma Manzoor

61. CONSTITUENTS 61 This contains wax esters of fatty acids and alcohols. Unsaturated fatty acids are: Eicosenoic acid 35% Docosenoic acid Oleic acid Unsaturated Alcohols Eicosinol 22% Prepared by Asma Manzoor

62. 62 Uses: 1. It possesses emollient property & is used as pharmaceutical aid. 2. Preparation of cosmetics, skin care & hair care preparations. 3. Manufacturing of lip balm. Prepared by Asma Manzoor

63. 63 Prepared by Asma Manzoor