Macronutrients role in plants

In this presentation a complete description of macronutrients can be described. Their physiological role in plants. excess use of macronutrient result. and the deficiency in plants result described.

1. Macronutrient Name Mobeen Arshad Roll no. 20

2. Macronutrients A chemical element or substance that is essential in relatively large amounts to the growth and health of a living organism.

3. Nitrogen Physiological role of nitrogen: Promotes growth of leaves and stem Give dark green color and improve quality of foliage Essential component of cell proteins and nucleic acids Important component of chlorophyll Promotes cell division and cell enlargement Increase respiratory rate

4. Nitrogen Deficiency symptoms: The older leaves near the base of plants turn yellow and start falling ( chlorosis ). Leaf viens turn purple or red due to anthocyanin formation . Lower the rate of respiration due to shortage of enzyme of respiration. Dormancy of lateral buds. Stunted growth of plants. Size of leaves reduce. Maturity of plants delayed.

5. Excess supply of nitrogen: Abundent vegetative growth and poor flowering. Insects and pathogen attack on plants increase. Stem become weak and tender. Leaves become dark green and succulent. Inhibits the development of mechanical tissue like sclernchyma .

6. Phosphorus Necessary for the functioning of mitochondria. Helps in translocation of carbohydrates. Promotes root growth. Promotes fruit ripening. Important part of cell membrane. Part of organic molecules like ATP, NADP and ADP. Part of nucleoproteins and co-enzyme. necessary for cambial activity. Present abundantly in growing and storage organ. Physiological role of phosphorous:

7. Phosphorus Deficiency symptoms: Growth become retard and dark green color of leaves. Appearance of dead patches on leaves, petioles and fruit. Leaves fall early. Bulky pith in stem. Delays maturity of plants, and produce non-woody slender stems. Imbalance in the storage of carbohydrates, results leaf pigment change and leaves become dark purplish in color. Premature senescence of older leaves .

8. Potassium Physiological role: Important role in plant metabolism. Activator of many plant enzyme. Necessary of ionic balance. Promotes the growth of apical meristem , secondary roots and newly developing leaves. Essential for the synthesis and translocation of carbohydrates. Essential for the enzymatic hydrolysis of starch. Necessary for opening and closing of stomata. Plant requires potassium ions for protein synthesis. Improves resistance to diseases and insects. Improves the efficiency of water use.

9. Potassium Deficiency symptoms: Necrosis in the interveinal spaces between the main veins along with interveinal chlorosis . Young shoots and leaves start dying. Leaves margins become dull yellow. Growth of internodes become retard. Brown scorching and curling of leaf tips. Chlorosis between leaf tips. Purple spots appear on leaf underside. Photosynthesis reduce. Poor development in mechanical tissues. Less resistance to disease. Cell fails to divide and elongate result stunted growth.

10. Calcium Physiological roles: Calcium is the important part of cell walls, mainly middle lamella. Necessary for cell division. Stimulate the development of root hairs. Neutralizing acids like oxalic acid, both inside and outside the plants. Promotes the movement and utilization of carbohydrates and amino aids. Play role in binding of nucleic acid to proteins.

11. Calcium Deficiency symptoms: Chlorosis patches appear near the leaf margins. Rapid disintigration of the growing tips of roots and shoots. Inhibits seed formation. Cells become weaken. Vascular system start to collapse. Cause high uptake of magnesium. Which cause magnesium toxicity in plants.

12. Sulphur Physiological roles: Occurs in proteins, amino acids cysteine and amino acids. Essential component of vitamins, thiamine and biotin. Component of co enzyme A necessary for respiration. Synthesis and breakdown of fatty acids.

13. Sulphur Deficiency symptoms: Chlorosis in younger leaves first than older leaves. Some time at all in both younger and older leaves. Stunted growth of plants. Anthocyanin accumulation.

14. Magnesium Physiological roles: Have role in activation of enzymes that involved in respiration and photosynthesis. Synthesis of DNA and RNA. Part of the porphyrin component of cholorophyll . Combine with ATP and allows it to function in many reaction.

15. Magnesium Deficiency symptoms: Interveinal chlorosis , if it prolongs leaf become white or yellow. Premature fall of the leaf ( leaf abscission )