Main field Preparation with different tillage implements.pptx

Ploughing aspects on Agronomy

1. ACQUIRING SKILL IN HANDLING PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS Ex. 5

2. Till To plough or cultivate soil for seeding . Tillage Mechanical manipulation of the soil with tools and implements to prepare seed bed conducive for crop production . Tilth The physical condition of the soil with respect to its fitness for the planting or growth of a crop .

3. Plough Implement or machinery used to invert the soil to form a tilth , in addition to other functions such as incorporation of plant residues and manures, breaking hard pan etc . Draught The power applied to overcome the resistance offered by the soil for the implements to pass through is called draught.

4. Objectives of tillage To prepare a good seed bed which helps the germination of seeds. To create conditions in the soil suited for better growth of crops. To control the weeds effectively. To make soil capable of absorbing more rain water To mix up manure and fertilizers uniformly in soil. To aerate the soil. To provide adequate seed-soil contact to permit water flow to seed and seedling roots. To remove hard pan and to increase soil depth.

5. Types of tillage On-season tillage Off-season tillage 1. On-season tillage Tillage operations that are done for raising crops in the same season or at the onset of the crop season are known as on-season tillage. 2. Off-season tillage Tillage operations done for conditioning the soil suitably for the forthcoming main crop season are called off-season tillage.

6. 1. On-season tillage Preparatory cultivation After cultivation A. Preparatory cultivation Operations done to prepare field for raising crops Deep opening and loosening of the soil to bring about a desirable tilth To incorporate or uproot weeds and crop stubble when the soil is in a workable condition Types of preparatory tillage Primary tillage Secondary tillage Layout of seedbed

7. a. Primary tillage Tillage operation that is done after the harvest of crop to bring the land under cultivation is known as primary tillage. Ploughing is the opening of compact soil with the help of different ploughs.

8. Tractor drawn Mould board plough

9. PRIMARY TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS Some of the important primary tillage implements are, Country plough Mould board plough Disc plough Bose plough / Melur plough Sub-soil (Chisel) plough

10. b. Secondary tillage Tillage operations performed on the soil after primary tillage to bring a good soil tilth . Lighter or finer operation done to clean the soil, break the clods and incorporate the manures and fertilizers. Harrowing and planking is done to serve these purposes. Harrows, cultivators, rotavators , Guntakas and Junior hoe are used.

11. c. Layout of seedbed (After primary & secondary) Leveling and planking the soil for laying seedbed Forming ridges & furrows or beds & channels to sow Forming broad bed and furrows for sowing

12. B. After cultivation Tillage done in the standing crop after the sowing or planting and prior to the harvesting of crop. Also called inter cultivation or post seeding / planting cultivation. Includes harrowing, hoeing, weeding, earthing up, drilling or side dressing of fertilizers etc. Spade, hoe, weeders etc. are used for inter cultivation.

13. Earthing-up

14. Special purpose tillage a. Sub-soiling To break the hard pan beneath the plough layer, special tillage operation (chiseling) is performed to reduce compaction. Essential and once in four to five years where heavy machineries are used for field operations, Advantages of sub-soiling Greater volume of soil may be obtained for cultivation of crops Excess water may percolate downward to recharge the permanent water table and in turn reduce runoff and soil erosion roots of crop plants can penetrate deeper to extract moisture from the water table.

15. Chisel plough for sub soil ploughing

16. b. Clean tillage : Working of the soil of the entire field in such a way no living plant is left undisturbed. Practiced to control weeds, soil borne pathogen and pests. c. Blind tillage Tillage done after seeding or planting the crop (in a sterile soil) either at the pre-emergence stage of the crop plants or the early stages of growth Crop plants (cereals, tuber crops etc.) do not get damaged, But, extra plants and broad leaved weeds are uprooted.

17. b. Clean tillage :

18. c. Blind tillage

19. d. Dry tillage Dry tillage is practiced for crops that are sown or planted in dry land condition having sufficient moisture (21-23%) for germination of seeds. Suitable for crops like Sorghum, Maize, wheat, oilseed crops, pulses and vegetable crops. Soil becomes more porous and soft due to dry tillage. Besides, the water holding capacity of the soil and aeration are increased.

20. e. Wet tillage or puddling: Tllage operation done in a land with standing water is called wet tillage or puddling. Ploughing repeatedly in standing water until the soil becomes soft and muddy. Creates an impervious layer below the surface to reduce percolation losses of water and to provide soft seed bed Wet tillage destroys the soil structure and the soil particles that are separated during puddling settle later. Wet tillage is the only means of land preparation for transplanting semi aquatic crop plant such as rice. Planking after wet tillage makes the soil level and compact. Wet land ploughs or worn out dry land ploughs are normally used for wet tillage.

21. Puddling Country plough Power tiller Planking

22. Depth of ploughing Desirable depth is 12.5 to 20 cm for field crops. Varies with effective root zone of the crop. 10-20 cm for shallow & 15-30 cm deep rooted crop Number of ploughing Depends on soil conditions, time available for cultivation between crops Favourable tith based on crop need and Type of cropping systems. Time of ploughing The optimum soil moisture content for tillage is 60% of field capacity.