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1. Presentation of final year project on SUSTAINABLE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION 8 th Semester Presented by Akanksha Singh (20218020) Amit Kumar (20218018) Samaksh Sharma (20218035) Under the supervision of Dr. Sushil Kumar Associate Professor Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, Prayagraj , 211006, U.P.

2. CONTENTS Introduction Production method Literature review Types of hydrogen Green hydrogen Storage and transportation Challenges and future outlook Work done in future Reference

3. Why sustainable hydrogen? Clean Energy Solution: Hydrogen is a zero-emission fuel when used, producing only water as a byproduct. 2H2​+O2​→2H2​O+Energy (Electricity/Heat) Decarbonization Potential Ammonia synthesis: N2+3H2→2NH3 Climate Change Mitigation Traditional SMR (Grey Hydrogen, high CO₂): CH4​+H2​O→CO+3H2​ CO+H2O→CO2+H2 Sustainable Electrolysis (Green Hydrogen, zero CO₂): 2H2​O+Electricity (Renewable)→2H2​+O2​

4. Energy Security and Independence: Hydrogen enables the efficient storage of excess renewable energy (solar, wind), acting as a long-duration energy carrier. Versatile Applications Hydrogen supports energy storage, transportation, and grid balancing: Fuel cells for transportation: H2+O2→Electricity+H2O Methanation for energy storage: CO2+4H2→CH4+2H2O

5. Production Method

6. Renewable Source: Water Splitting Water splitting is the process of breaking down water (H2O) into its constituent elements, hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2), using various energy sources. THERMOLYSIS : Water split at extremely high temperatures (above 2000°C). typically sourced from concentrated solar power or nuclear reactors. 2H2​O  2H2​+O2​ ELECTROLYSIS :E lectricity is typically sourced from renewable energy for green hydrogen production. .

7. chemical reaction : Overall reaction: 2H2​O+Electricity→2H2​+O2​ At anode(oxidation): 2H2​O→O2​+4H+ + 4e− At cathod(reduction): 4H+ + 4e−→2H2​ Types of Electrolyzers : Alkaline Electrolysis: Uses alkaline solutions like KOH. PEM Electrolysis: Uses a proton exchange membrane for higher efficiency. Solid Oxide Electrolysis (SOEC): Operates at high temperatures, increasing efficiency by utilizing waste heat. Photoelectrolysis : A photoelectrode absorbs sunlight, generating electron-hole pairs to drive the reaction.

8. Thermochemical Water splitting is achieved through multi-step thermochemical reactions at lower temperatures (~500-1000°C). Examples include the sulfur-iodine cycle and cerium oxide cycle. Chemical Reaction Example ( Sulfur -Iodine Cycle):

9. BIOMASS TECHNOLOGY Biological Processes: Dark Fermentation: (Efficiency: 30-40%) Anaerobic bacteria convert organic matter into hydrogen. Reaction Example: C6H12O6→2C2H5OH+2CO2+2H2 Photo Fermentation: (Efficiency: 5-10%) Photosynthetic bacteria use light to break down organic acids for hydrogen. CH3COOH+H2O+Light→4H2+2CO2 Bio-Photolysis: (Efficiency: 1-5%) Algae or cyanobacteria use sunlight to split water. 2H2O+Light Energy→2H2+O2

10. Thermochemical Processes: Gasification: (Efficiency: 60-80%) Biomass is converted to hydrogen through thermal decomposition. Biomass+H2O+Heat→CO+H2 Water-gas shift reaction follows: CO+H2O→CO2+H2 Pyrolysis: (Efficiency: 40-70%) Biomass is heated in the absence of oxygen to produce hydrogen-rich gases. Biomass--  ( Heat)​Biochar+H2​+CO+CH4​ Combustion: (Efficiency: 20-40%) Direct combustion of biomass produces energy to drive thermochemical hydrogen production.

11. Hydrogen Production from Fossil Fuels 1. Steam reforming technology : Steam reforming is a high-temperature process that reacts hydrocarbons (e.g., methane) with water vapor to produce hydrogen (H2​) and carbon monoxide (CO).It is used in the production of hydrogen for ammonia synthesis and fuel cells. Chemical Reactions: Primary Reforming Reaction: Methane reacts with steam at high temperatures (700-1000°C) in the presence of a nickel-based catalyst: Water-Gas Shift Reaction: Carbon monoxide reacts with water to produce more hydrogen and carbon dioxide: CO+H2O→CO2+H2 Overall Reaction: CH4+2H2O→CO2+4H2

12. Hydrocarbon pyrolysis : (Efficiency: 50-70%) Pyrolysis involves the thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons, such as methane (CH4​), at high temperatures in the absence of oxygen (O2​) to produce hydrogen (H2​) and solid carbon (C). CH4 ----->​​C(Solid)+2H2​ The reaction is endothermic, requiring a significant energy input. Operating Conditions: Temperature: 800-1200°C. No oxygen is present to avoid combustion.

13. Partial oxidization technology (Efficiency: 50-65%) Partial oxidation is a process where hydrocarbons react with a limited amount of oxygen to produce hydrogen (H2​) and carbon monoxide (CO). Unlike full combustion, the oxygen supply is insufficient to fully oxidize hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide (CO2​). Reformer: Catalytic reaction: CnHm + 0.5 nO2 ➡ nCO + 0.5 m H2 Non-catalytic reaction: CnHm + nH2O ➡ nCO + (n + 0.5 m) H2 (b) CO + H2O ➡ CO2 + H2 (c) Methanation: CO + eH2 ➡ CH4 + H2O The reaction is exothermic, meaning it releases heat, making it energy-efficient.

14. Autothermal reforming technology (Efficiency: 60-75%) Autothermal reforming is a process where hydrocarbons (e.g., methane) react with both oxygen (O2​) and steam (H2O) in a single reactor. Chemical Reactions: Partial Oxidation Reaction (Exothermic): CH4+12O2→CO+2H2 Steam Methane Reforming Reaction (Endothermic): CH4+H2O→CO+3H2 Water-Gas Shift Reaction (Optional): CO+H2O→CO2+H2 Overall Reaction: CH4+H2O+12O2→CO2+4H2

15. Literature Review

16. Types Of Hydrogen Gray Hydrogen: Produced from fossil fuels like natural gas through processes such as steam methane reforming (SMR). Blue Hydrogen: Produced similarly to gray hydrogen but paired with carbon capture and storage (CCS) to reduce CO2 emissions. Green Hydrogen: Produced via water electrolysis using renewable energy (e.g., wind, solar). Pink Hydrogen: Produced using nuclear energy for water electrolysis. Yellow Hydrogen: Produced via water electrolysis using electricity from solar energy. Brown/Black Hydrogen: Produced from coal or oil through gasification or other processes. White Hydrogen White hydrogen refers to naturally occurring hydrogen found in underground deposits, typically in the Earth's crust

17. Green Hydrogen: The Gold Standard Green hydrogen is considered the "gold standard" of hydrogen production due to its sustainability, zero carbon emissions, and its role in enabling the global transition to clean energy. Chemical Reaction: The reaction involved in electrolysis: 2H2O→(Electricity)2H2+O2 The electricity required is sourced from renewables, ensuring zero greenhouse gas emissions during production. Technical Process: Electrolyzer : An electrolyzer device splits water into hydrogen and oxygen. Anode Reaction: 2H2O→O2+4H+ + 4e- Cathode Reaction: 4H++4e−→2H2 Energy Source: Powered entirely by renewable energy to ensure sustainability ​ ​

18. Storage and Transportation Storage Methods: Compressed Gas Storage: Hydrogen is stored under high pressure (350–700 bar). Cryogenic Liquid Storage: Hydrogen is cooled to −253°C to convert it into a liquid state. Solid-State Storage: Hydrogen is absorbed or chemically bonded to materials like metal hydrides or chemical compounds. Transportation Methods: Pipeline Transport: Hydrogen is transported through dedicated pipelines, often blended with natural gas. Compressed Gas Cylinders: Portable cylinders store hydrogen under high pressure for small-scale distribution. Ammonia and Methanol as Carriers: Hydrogen is converted into ammonia (NH3​) or methanol for easier transportation.

19. Challenges and future outlooks Challenges High Production Costs: Green hydrogen production via electrolysis is expensive due to the high cost of renewable energy and electrolyzers . Lack of cost-effective technologies for large-scale deployment. Energy Efficiency: Energy losses during hydrogen production (e.g., electrolysis), storage, and transportation reduce overall efficiency. Infrastructure Limitations: Limited availability of hydrogen pipelines, refueling stations, and storage facilities. Upgrading infrastructure for hydrogen compatibility (e.g., avoiding pipeline embrittlement). Storage and Transportation: Hydrogen’s low energy density requires high-pressure or cryogenic storage, increasing costs and complexity. Transportation over long distances faces boil-off losses (liquid hydrogen) and safety concerns. Carbon Emissions from Blue Hydrogen: Blue hydrogen relies on carbon capture and storage (CCS), which is not always 100% efficient and can still result in emissions.

20. Future outlook Cost Reduction through Technological Advancements: Scaling up electrolyzer production and integrating advanced materials (e.g., solid oxide and alkaline electrolyzers ). Integration with Renewable Energy: Leveraging excess renewable energy (e.g., solar and wind) to produce green hydrogen, improving resource utilization. Carbon Neutrality and Decarbonization: Green hydrogen will play a critical role in achieving net-zero emission goals in hard-to-abate sectors like steel, cement, and aviation. Global Hydrogen Economy: International collaboration for hydrogen production, storage, and transportation to establish a global hydrogen supply chain.

21. Work to be done: Study of Production of hydrogen from biomass using Aspen. Process Modeling, Input Data & Parameters, Performance Optimization & Hydrogen Purification & Storage.

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23. Thankyou