Major depressive disorder (MDD) ppt

includes classification, symptoms, treatment (psychotherapy And medication)

1. Major Depressive Disorder Chandani Kumari Jay Patel Yogesh Vishwakarma Navneet Shukla

2. Introduction Major depressive disorder (MDD) related to the sadness which is a natural part of the human experience. Humans may feel sad or depressed when a loved one passes away or when they’re going through a life challenge. This feeling may be short-lived but when someone experiences continuous and intense feelings of sadness for long period of time, then they may have MDD. MDD, also referred to as clinical depression.

3. Classification Seasonal affective disorder or SAD : It occurs mostly in the winter months when sunlight is not properly available. Psychotic depression : Develops if person have been hallucinating or if person have already had a form of depression in the past. Postpartum depression : It occurs between new mothers experiencing hormonal changes during childbirth. Melancholic depression : Depression, including weight loss and decreased interest in activities they once loved. Catatonic depression: Person are most likely experiencing motor problems and behavioral issues.

4. Statistics 3% of global population approximately 216 million people had major depressive disorder. In the Caribbean, 12.9% people had at least one form of MDD. In African Americans 10.4% people had MDD. US people among 17.9% people had at least one form of MDD

5. SYMPTOMS OF MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

6. The  Major Depressive Disorder  (MDD) symptoms are the following: Low mood Anhedonia  Gaining or losing weight Sleep disturbance Psychomotor agitation or retardation Loss of energy or fatigue

7. Symptoms Cont’d Feelings of low worth Decreased ability to think, concentration and make decisions Repeated thoughts of death, dying or suicide

8. the symptoms of either  low mood  or  lack of pleasure  must be present in it , and also the mood must not be attributable to other factors. No instances of manic or hypomanic moods present in MDD because it can be present as that indicates bipolar disorder.

9. PHYSIOLOGY OF DEPRESSION Depression  causes feelings of sadness or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. Depression is a symptom and not disease. Major depressive disorder is also called as chemical imbalance there are some factors that causes depression.

10. Change in neurochemical Serotonin, Norepinephrine and Dopamine naturally present in brain and assist communication between nerves cells. Low level of Serotonin can cause Depression. Serotonin plays an important role in maintain the mood balance. Low level of norepinephrine can cause depression.

11. Low level of norepinephrine is linked with ADHD ADHD has mainly 3 types Low level of dopamine also causes depression and stress.

12. Hormonal Change Change in body balance of hormones can cause depression Biological Differences People with depression have physical change in brain Overthinking can lead to depression

13. Inherited Trait Depression is most common in people who has biological relative suffering from depression. Life Evets Depression is also causes because of Divorce, Financial Problem, Death in family, Stress etc.

14. Research suggests that depression doesn't spring from simply having too much or too little of certain brain chemicals. Rather, there are many possible causes of depression, including faulty mood regulation by the brain, genetic vulnerability, stressful life events, medications, and medical problems.

15. Treatment Medications and psychotherapy are effective for most people with depression. The primary care for MDD done by a doctor or psychiatrist. If depression is severe, then a person may need to hospitalized, or may need to participate in an outpatient treatment program until their symptoms improve.

16. Psychotherapy for MDD Psychotherapy or "talk therapy" -- is an effective treatment for MDD There are different type of MDD Psychotherapy: Cognitive behavioral therapy: Focus on how our own thoughts and behaviors contribute to depression. The therapist will help us learn ways to react to things and challenge our preconceptions.  Interpersonal therapy :  Mainly Focuses on how our relationships with others and also focus on  practical issues. We have to learn how to spot unhealthy behaviors and change them.

17. Psychodynamic therapy: It is traditional. The therapist explores behavior patterns and motivations that we may not be aware of which could contribute to depression. Individual counseling: One-on-one session with  MD (psychiatrist/doctor), PhD (psychologist) or with experience in treating depression and other mood disorders. The therapist can teach more about depression and can discuss new strategies to manage stress. Family counseling: In this type the entire family is treated. If someone is depressed, the entire family feels it, too. Several studies have shown that family sessions might really help with treatment, too, improving lifestyle, compliance with medication, and sleep habits.

18. Medications The treatment for major depressive disorder is a combination of antidepressant medication such as: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Examples: Sertraline, Citalopram. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Examples: Duloxetine, Venlafaxine. Tricyclic antidepressants. Examples: Doxepin, Desipramine.

19. Conclusion Depression is a mental disorder which causes mood swings, anxiety, and constant feeling of sadness. Depression does not occur from a single event but results from a mixture of events or factors. 3% of global population had major depressive disorder. Symptoms are: Low mood, Anhedonia, losing weight, Sleep disturbance. Medications and psychotherapy (talk therapy) are effective for most people with depression. For the treatment for major depressive disorder antidepressant medications are used.

20. References Williams, D. R., González, H. M., Neighbors, H., Nesse , R., Abelson, J. M., Sweetman, J., & Jackson, J. S. (2007, March). Prevalence and distribution of major depressive disorder in African Americans, Caribbean blacks, and non-Hispanic whites: Results from the National Survey of American Life. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17339519 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–5). (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm Depression. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml PsycNET . (n.d.). Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/amp/67/7/524/