MALARIA

MALARIA

1. MALARIA Presented by, Aiswarya.A.T I M.pharm ., Department of Pharmacy Practice, Grace college of Pharmacy.

2. Malaria is a protozoal disease caused by infection with parasites of Plasmodium and transmitted to man by certain species of infected female Anopheline mosquito. MALARIA Various species of Plasmodium are : P.vivax P.falciparum P.ovale P.malariae

3. EPIDEMIOLOGY

4. PREVALENT MAJOR EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TYPES OF MALARIA IN INDIA: Tribal malaria Rural malaria Urban malaria Border malaria Malaria in project areas

5. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS 1.AGENT FACTORS Agent LIFE HISTORY: Asexual cycle (human cycle) Sexual cycle (mosquito cycle)

6. Period of communicability Reservoir of infection 2.HOST FACTORS Age Sex Immunity Housing Population mobility Occupation Human habits Socio-economic development Pregnancy

7. 3.ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Season Altitude Humidity Rainfall Temperature MODE OF TRANSMISSION Vector transmission Direct transmission Congenital malaria

8. INCUBATION PERIOD T ime between the infected mosquito bite & the first appearance of clinical signs of which fever is most common . usually not less than 10 days. In natural infections; 12days (9-14) for falciparum malaria 28days(18-40) for quartan malaria 17days (16-18) for ovale malaria. Some strains of P.vivax it may be developed for as long as 9months.

9. CLINICAL FEATURES Cold stage Hot stage Sweating stage

10. DIAGNOSIS Microscopy Serological test Rapid diagnostic test (RDT )

11. STAGES FOR PREVENTION & CONTROL OF MALARIA Surveillance & case management Case detection (passive & active) Early diagnosis & complete treatment Sentinel surveillance Integrated vector management Indoor residual spray (IRS) Insecticide treated bed nets (ITN’s) & long lasting insecticidal nets(LLIN’s) Antilarval measures including source reduction Epidemic preparedness & early response Supportive interventions Capacity building Behavioural change communication Insectoral collaboration Monitoral & evaluation Operational research & applied field research

12. EARLY DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT OF MALARIA AIMS AT : Complete cure Prevention of progression of uncomplicated malaria to several disease Prevention of deaths Interruption of transmission Minimizing risk of selection & spread of drug resistant malaria parasite

13. ACTIVE INTERVENTION MEASURES Stratification of the problem Vector control strategies Anti-adult measures Residual spraying Space application Individual protection Antilarval measures Larvicides Source reduction Integrated control

14. CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS SHORT TERM LONG TERM

15. TREATMENT FOR UNCOMPLICATED MALARIA Treatment for P.vivax cases Treatment for P.falciparum cases SPECIFIC ANTIMALARIAL TREATMENT OF SEVERE MALARIA

16. THANK YOU!!