Malaria

It is about malaria

1. TEERTHANKER MAHAVEER COLLEGE OF NURSING, TMU MS. CINDRELLA BURGE MEDICAL SURGICAL DEPT. MSC NURSING 1 ST YEAR TMCON

2. Introduction Malaria is a life- threatening disease. Transmitted through the bite of infected anophelus mosquito. Infected mosquitoes carry the plasmodium parasite When this mosquitoes bite human, the parasite is released into the blood stream.

3. Once this parasites are inside the human body, they travel to the liver, where they mature. After several days, the mature parasites enters the blood stream and begin to infect RBCs. Within 42 to 78 hours, the parasites inside the RBCs multiply, causing the infected cells to burst open.

4. Definition Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease that affects human, or Malaria is an infection of liver and RBCs caused by parasites( that are transmitted to people through the bite of infected female anopheles mosquitoes).

5. Clinical manifestation Shaking chills that can range from moderate to severe. High fever Sweating Headache Nausea Vomiting Abdominal pain Diarrhea Anemia Muscle pain Convulsions Coma Bloody stools Weight loss

6. Types of malarial parasite P. falciparum P. vivax P. malariae P. knowlesi

7. Incubation period of the parasite Species Incubation period P. Falciparum 7-14 days P . Vivax 12-17 days P. Ovale 9-18 days P. Malaria 13-14 days

8. Risk factors

9. Living or traveling in a region where malaria is present Being outdoors, especially in rural areas Not taking steps to protect self from mosquitoes bites An infected mother can also pass the disease to her baby at birth, this is also known as congenital malaria. Contaminated water storage in the environment Poor electricity Populated area

10. Malaria transmission cycle

11. Diagnosis of malaria Medical history Physical examination Laboratory diagnosis Blood smear – thin smear- for species identification, thick smear- for quantification. Antigen detection tests- pLDH and aldolase - common to all plasmodium HRP2 Ag detection- specific for P. falciparum

12. Treatment To treat malaria, a one must understand 2 concept- 1. the geographic pattern of susceptibility of P. falciparum to anti- malarial drugs. 2. the type of plasmodium species causing the infection.

13. Prevention of malaria

14. Complications Cerebral malaria- malaria can cause a swelling of blood vessels of the brain Pulmonary edema- an accumulation of fluid in the lungs that causes breathing problems. Organ failure of kidney, liver or spleen Anaemia due to the destruction of RBCs Low blood sugar- hypoglycemia

15. Nursing management Observe consciousness level Safety measures- bed nets, insecticides, cleaning or covering contaminated surrounding or drainage/ pond. Vital signs monitor Hb monitoring ( anaemia ) Iron preparates ( a naemia ) – iron dextnan , iron sorbitol citric acid complex.

16. 6. Adjust fluid intake to output ( dehydration) 7. Antiemetic 8. Urine output to watch oliguria ( dehydration) 9. Administration of anti- malerial drug, anti- pyretic drug, as prescribed by doctor at right time, of right dose .

17. Health education to the patient with malaria

18. Make use of window screens, Wear long trousers and long sleeves shirts House should be sprayed with insecticides Indoors residual spraying is long acting (6-12 months) insecticides to the wall of the house, in order to kill adult mosquitoes. Long-casting insecticidal net or bed net, can be hang over a bed to protect sleepers from insect bites. Recognize the sign and symptoms and when to seek appropriate treatment. Stay inside when it is dark. Keep water container covered. Filling up the pits

19. Conclusion Malaria is an acute/ infectious blood/ vector borne disease Caused by 5 different species of plasmodium Symptoms- fever, chills, sweating, headache, vomiting etc Diagnose is by seeing plasmodium in a peripheral blood smear Treatment depends on the species and drug sensitivity.

20. Bibliography Chintamani , 14 th edition, textbook of medical surgical nursing Brunner siddharth , 13 th edition, textbook of medical surgical nursing

21. thank you