malaria diagnosis treatment pathophysiology

All about malaria, diagnosis, treatment pathophysiology.

1. MALARIA Presented by: S.Hanif ullah and Kamran ullah Submitted to: M a’am T abassum

2. Objectives Define malaria. Enlist the types of malaria. Describe the lifecycle of malaria. Discuss the signs and symptoms , causes of malaria. Discuss the diagnoses of malaria. Explain the medical and nursing management for malaria. Elaborate health education and prevention. Bibliography.

3. DEFINITION Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease that affects human, or Malaria is an infection of liver and RB C s caused by parasites( that are transmitted to people through the bite of infected female anopheles mosquitoes).

4. TYPES AND INCUBATION PERIOD P. Falciparum P. Vivax P. Ovale P. Malaria 7-14 days 12-17 days 9-18 days 13-14 days

5. MALARIA TRANSMISSION CYCLE

6. CYCLE

7. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION Shaking chills that can range from moderate to severe. High fever Sweating headache nausea Vomiting Weight loss Abdominal pain Diarrhea anemia Muscle pain Convulsions Coma Bloody stools

8. DIAGNOSIS OF MALARIA Medical history Physical examination Laboratory diagnosis Blood smear – thin smear- for species identification, thick smear- for detect infection . Antigen detection tests- PLDH and aldolase- common to all plasmodium. HRP2 ag detection- specific for p. Falciparum

9. RISK FACTORS Living or traveling in a region where malaria is present Being outdoors, especially in rural areas Not taking steps to protect self from mosquitoes bites An infected mother can also pass the disease to her baby at birth, this is also known as congenital malaria. Contaminated water storage in the environment Poor electricity Populated area

10. TREATMENT To treat malaria, a one must understand 2 concept- 1. The geographic pattern of susceptibility of P. Falciparum to anti- malarial drugs. 2. The type of plasmodium species causing the infection .

11. CONTI…

12. Cont…

13. PREVENTION OF MALARIA

14. NURSING MANAGEMENT Observe consciousness level safety measures- bed nets, insecticides, cleaning or covering contaminated surrounding or drainage/ pond. Vital signs monitor Hb monitoring ( anaemia ) iron preparates ( anaemia ) – iron dextnan , iron sorbitol citric acid complex.

15. CONTI…  Adjust fluid intake to output ( dehydration) Antiemetic Urine output to watch oliguria ( dehydration) Administration of anti- malarial drug, anti- pyretic drug, as prescribed by doctor at right time, of right dose.

16. HEALTH EDUCATION TO THE PATIENT WITH MALARIA 1. Make use of window screens, 2. Wear long trousers and long sleeves shirts 3. House should be sprayed with insecticides 4. Indoors residual spraying is long acting (6-12 months) insecticides to the wall of the house, in order to kill adult mosquitoes. 5. Long-casting insecticidal net or bed net, can be hang over a bed to protect sleepers from insect bites.

17. CONTI… 6. Recognize the sign and symptoms and when to seek appropriate treatment. 7. Stay inside when it is dark. 8. Keep water container covered. 9. Filling up the pits

18. BIBLIOGRAPHY Chintamani , 14th edition, textbook of medical surgical nursing Brunner siddharth , 13th edition, textbook of medical surgical nursing