Malaria vaccine.malaria.symotoms, effectiveness,causes

Malaria vaccine

1. MALARIA VACCINE By-AnanyaMishra (MSc. Biochemistry)

2. Content What is Malaria? Causes Of Malaria Types Of Malaria Symptoms Of Malaria Vaccines for Malaria Stage at which vaccine is affecting Age group for Malaria vaccination Effectiveness of Malaria vaccine Countries vaccinate for malaria Prospects and Challenges of Malaria Vaccine Conclusion

3. What Is Malaria? Malaria is a life-threatening disease spread to humans by some types of mosquitoes . It is mostly found in tropical countries. It is preventable and curable . More than 247 million cases of malaria are diagnosed every year . The infection is caused by a parasite and does not spread from person to person.

4. Main causes Of Malaria Malaria is caused by a single-celled parasite of the genus plasmodium.   The parasite is transmitted to humans most commonly through mosquito bites. Malaria is spread when an infected Anopheles mosquito bites a person .

5. Types Of Malaria There are approximately 156 named species of Plasmodium which infect various species of vertebrates.  Four species are considered true parasites of humans, as they utilize humans almost exclusively as a natural intermediate host: P. falciparum , P. vivax , P. ovale and P. malariae . There is also a fifth species which also cause malaria and is know as Plasmodium knowlesi .

6. Symptoms Of Malaria Fever. This is the most common symptom. Chills. Headache. Sweats. Fatigue. Nausea and vomiting. Body aches. Generally feeling sick

7. Vaccine For Malaria Malaria vaccines are vaccines that prevent malaria, a mosquito-borne infectious disease which affected an estimated 249 million people globally in 85 malaria endemic countries and areas and caused 608,000 deaths in 2022. Two malaria vaccines are currently recommended for use in children living in moderate to high malaria transmission areas.   The first approved vaccine for malaria is RTS, S, known by the brand name Mosquirix .

8. Stage At Which Vaccine Is Affecting Pre- erythrocytic malaria vaccines target Plasmodium during its  sporozoite and liver stages, and can prevent progression to blood-stage disease, which causes a million deaths each year. Whole organism sporozoite vaccines induce sterile immunity in animals and humans and guide subunit vaccine development .

9. Age Group F or Malaria Vaccination Malaria vaccines should be provided to children in a schedule of 4 doses from around 5 months of age. RTS,S vaccine (the most widely used malaria vaccine): - 18 years and older, with a focus on high-risk groups such as : Travelers to malaria-endemic areas, People living in areas with high malaria transmission ,Pregnant women,People with weakened immune systems (e.g., HIV/AIDS ). R21 vaccine (another malaria vaccine): 18-45 years old people .

10. Effectiveness Of Malaria Vaccine The vaccine is only 65% effective against severe malaria, does not work very well in older children or adults,requires a specific adjuvant that limits its supply, and loses most of its protection for young children over the first 18 months . The RTS,S acts only against one species of the plasmodium parasite known as the plasmodium falciparum .

11. Countries Vaccinate For Malaria Around 4.33million doses of RTS,S have been delivered to 8 countries so far- Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi and Sierra Leon . RTS,S/AS01 (commercial name Mosquirix ),was engineered using genes from the outer protein of P. falciparum malaria parasite and a portion of a hepatitis virus plus a chemical adjuvant to boost the immune response. R21/Matrix vaccine is licensed to the Serum Institute Of India, the world’s largest vaccine manufacturer as well as a long term partner of Oxford University.

12. The Prospects And Challenges Of Malaria Vaccine The major prospect of the malaria vaccine is the complete eradication of malaria. The vaccine could prevent millions of children from catching malaria and save thousands from dying. The analysis finds health system related risks with the potential to reduce the ability of malaria vaccines to provide equitable protection. Deployment of effective frameworks to tackle these risks so as to strengthen within-country equity and progress tracking should be entangled with the deployment of the vaccines.

13. Conclusion This current version of Mosquirix is not expected to be the last. Preliminary results for a new modified vaccine, called R21, are encouraging. Other malaria vaccines in development Include whole parasite vaccines. Passive vaccines are also being investigated. These involve injecting long-lasting antibodies to prevent malaria infection.

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