Male reproductive system and other human activity

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1. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM GROUP 2 1/11/2025 1

2. HFFK 1/11/2025 2 K

3. The endocrine system is a messenger system in an organism comprising feedback loops of hormones that are released by internal glands directly into the circulatory system and that target and regulate distant organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems. The endocrine system includes the hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, and pancreas. It also includes the testes in males and the ovaries and placenta (during pregnancy) in females. The endocrine system is the organ system made up primarily of glands designed to secrete hormones into the bloodstream. Hormones, travel within the bloodstream to all parts of the body to control important functions, including growth, metabolism, and reproduction. 1/11/2025 3

4. HOW DOES THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM FUNCTION? The endocrine system is composed of glands that secrete different types of hormones that affect almost every cell, organ, and function of our body. It is essential in regulating growth and development, metabolism, as well as reproductive processes and mood. Endocrine glands secrete chemicals known as hormones into the bloodstream, which carries them throughout the body. When a hormone in the blood reaches the target organ, it produces a notable effect. The endocrine system sends signals all over the body, much like the nervous system, but unlike the instant responses activated by the nervous system, the effects can take a few hours or even weeks 1/11/2025 4

5. Primary Functions 1. Regulates body temperature - Maintains the body's thermal balance.  2. Controls hunger and thirst - Stimulates or suppresses appetite and thirst. 3. Manages emotions - Influences emotional responses, such as fear, anger, and pleasure.  4. Regulates sleep-wake cycles - Helps maintain circadian rhythms.  5. Hormone regulation - Produces and controls hormones for growth, metabolism, and reproductive processes. 1/11/2025 5 The pineal gland (also known as the pineal body or epiphysis cerebri) is a small endocrine gland in the brain of most vertebrates. It produces melatonin, a serotonin-derived hormone, which modulates sleep patterns following the diurnal cycles. The shape of the gland resembles a pine cone, which gives it its name. The pineal gland is located in the epithalamus, near the center of the brain, between the two hemispheres, tucked in a groove where the two halves of the thalamus join. It is one of the neuroendocrine secretory circumventricular organs in which capillaries are mostly permeable to solutes in the blood. The hypothalamus is a small part of the brain that controls many bodily functions. It's responsible for maintaining homeostasis, or a stable internal environment.

6. There are Disorders Associated with Hypothalamic Dysfunction  1. Obesity - Imbalances in hunger and satiety hormones. 2. Diabetes insipidus - Deficiency in antidiuretic hormone (ADH). 3. Hypothyroidism - Decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).  4. Growth hormone deficiency - Impaired growth and development.  5. Sleep disorders - lnsomnia , narcolepsy, or restless leg syndrome. The pituitary gland is a small, pea-sized gland that produces hormones that regulate many bodily functions. It's located at the base of the brain, above the back of the nose, and is often called the " master gland ". 1/11/2025 6

7. What is the main function of the pituitary gland? It regulates growth, metabolism, and reproduction through the hormones that it produces. The production of these hormones is either stimulated or inhibited by chemical messages sent from the hypothalamus to the pituitary. The posterior lobe produces two hormones, vasopressin and oxytocin . 1/11/2025 7

8. The parathyroid glands are four small glands in the neck that produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which regulates calcium levels in the blood.  PARATHYROID GLANDS 1/11/2025 8

9. The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland in the neck that produces hormones that regulate metabolism, heart rate, and other bodily functions. THYROID GLAND 1/11/2025 9

10. The thymus is a small gland in the upper chest that produces white blood cells called T lymphocytes. These cells are part of the immune system and help fight infection THYMUS 1/11/2025 10

11. The adrenal glands are a pair of small glands located on top of each kidney that produce hormones that regulate many bodily functions. ADRENAL GLANDS 1/11/2025 11

12. The pancreas is a glandular organ in the abdomen that plays a vital role in digestion and blood sugar regulation:  PANCREAS 1/11/2025 12

13. The ovaries are a pair of small, oval-shaped glands in the female reproductive system that produce eggs and hormones: OVARY

14. The testis, also known as the testicle, is a male reproductive gland that produces sperm and hormones TESTIS 1/11/2025 14

15. QUESTIONS: THE PINEAL GLAND ARE ALSO KNOWN AS? 2. WHAT ADH MEANS? 3. PITUITARY GLAND IS OFTEN CALLED AS? 4-6. THE ___ PRODUCE TWO HORMONES, IT IS ____ AND ____. 7. TESTIS ARE ALSO KNOWN AS? 8-10. GIVE ATLEAST 3 TYPES OF DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH HYPOTHALAMIC DYSFUNCTION. 1/11/2025 15

16. GROUP 2 REPORTERS: MEMBERS; DIANA REYES YVONNE LAYNES CRAEZIL MARCIAL KEVIN COOPER KIER NEDIA 1/11/2025 16