Malignancy ppt.pptx Causes of Death in Lung Cancer Respiratory failure Sepsis Metastatic cancer cancercancercancer

malignancy malignancy

1. CANCERS Dr Meghana B S Assistant Professor Dept. of General Medicine ESIC MC & PGIMSR

2. Competency: IM 13.4 : Describe the natural history, presentation, course, complications and cause of death for common cancers

3. Cancer: Introduction Cancer may regarded as a group of diseases characterized by an: Abnormal growth of cells Ability to invade tissue and even distant organs

4. Major categories of cancer are: Carcinoma Arises from the epithelial cells lining the internal surface of various organs (e.g. mouth, oesophagus , uterus) Sarcoma Arises from the mesodermal cells constituting the various connective tissues (e.g. fibrous tissue, bone) Lymphoma, myeloma and leukemia Arising from the cells of the bone marrow and immune system

5. WHO: Global Common Cancers: Lung Cancer : This remains the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide, with over 2 million new cases reported annually. Breast Cancer : Among women, breast cancer is the second most common cancer globally, with around 2.3 million new cases each year. Colorectal Cancer : This type of cancer affects the colon and rectum, with approximately 1.9 million new cases annually. Prostate Cancer : Among men, prostate cancer ranks as the second most common cancer globally, with around 1.4 million new cases each year. Stomach Cancer : It is a significant cancer type, with over 1 million new cases annually, particularly in Eastern Asia and parts of Eastern Europe.

6. National cancer registries: Common Cancers in India: Breast Cancer : It is the most common cancer among Indian women, accounting for about 25-30% of all cancers in women. Cervical Cancer : This is also prevalent, accounting for around 22% of all female cancers in India. Oral Cancer : Oral cancers, often linked to tobacco and betel nut chewing, are quite prevalent in India. Lung Cancer : Increasingly common due to rising smoking rates and environmental factors. Colorectal Cancer : Its incidence is rising, linked to dietary changes and lifestyle factors.

7. Natural history of common cancers: Understanding the stages of cancer is essential for correlating them with the natural history of the disease. STAGES OF CANCER STAGE 0 (CARCINOMA IN SITU): Cancer cells are present only in the layer of cells where they first developed and have not spread. Represents early initiation and promotion stages where localized abnormal cells are detected before becoming invasive. Often curable by localized treatments like surgery or radiation, highlighting the importance of early detection. STAGE I AND STAGE II: Cancer is present and may have grown larger, affecting nearby tissues or lymph nodes, but has not spread to distant sites. Reflects progression stage where cancer cells become invasive and may begin to spread locally. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the primary tumor, possibly followed by chemotherapy or radiation to eliminate any remaining cancer cells.

8. STAGE III: Cancer has spread to nearby tissues, organs, or lymph nodes, but not to distant organs. Indicates further progression where cancer cells continue to invade neighboring tissues and organs. Treatment may involve a combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy to eradicate cancerous cells and prevent further spread. STAGE IV (METASTATIC CANCER): Cancer has spread to distant organs or tissues, often via the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Represents metastasis stage where cancer cells establish secondary tumors in new locations. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, prolonging survival, and improving quality of life through targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and palliative care.

9. ### Clinical Implications - **Early Detection**: Understanding these stages aids in early detection efforts through screening programs and promotes timely intervention before cancer progresses to advanced stages. - **Treatment Planning**: Each stage informs treatment decisions, guiding clinicians on the appropriate use of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. - **Prognosis and Management**: Staging correlates with prognosis, influencing patient counseling and management strategies. Early stages offer better chances of cure, while advanced stages require comprehensive treatment approaches to manage symptoms and prolong survival. ### Future Directions Advancements in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer progression, along with personalized medicine approaches, promise to refine staging systems and improve outcomes for cancer patients. By integrating knowledge of cancer stages with its natural history, healthcare professionals can continue to innovate and optimize treatment

10. Correlation with Natural History of Cancers: At stage 0 and early stages (I-II), cancer is localized and confined to its site of origin, reflecting the initial genetic mutations and early growth promotion. By stage III, cancer has advanced locally, indicating continued genetic mutations and invasive growth into nearby tissues and lymph nodes. Stage IV signifies advanced metastatic spread, showcasing the culmination of the natural history of cancer where cells acquire abilities to invade distant organs and resist treatment.