Malnutrition and Hunger

Malnutrition and Hunger in the context of Globalisation

1. MALNUTRITION AND HUNGER UHAP6013 SEMINAR OF GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ISSUES 1 WWW.COMPANY.COM

2. 2 “Fundamentally, poverty is a denial of choices and opportunities, a violation of human dignity” – United Nations, 1998 Lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society Not having enough to feed, to clothes, to go to school or clinic etc. Insecurity, powerless and exclusion of individuals, households and communities Susceptibility to violence DEFINITION OF POVERTY

3. MALNUTRITION MALNUTRITION is define as excesses, deficiencies or imbalance in a person’s intake of energy or nutrients which will lead to severe health issues . ( Streit , 2018) Covers 2 broad groups: Undernutrition (Wasting, stunting, underweight) Overnutrition (Obesity, overweight and diet-related non-communicable diseases) (World Health Organisation , 2016) HUNGER HUNGER defines a short-term physical discomfort as a result of chronic food shortage, or in severe cases, a life-threatening lack of food. WORLD HUNGER refers to hunger aggregated to the global level. Related terms include food insecurity and malnutrition Limited or unreliable access to foods that are safe and nutritionally adequate (National Research Council, 2006) DEFINITION OF MALNUTRITION AND HUNGER

4. GLOBALIZATION AND THE FOOD SYSTEM PROS Access to global market through reduced trade barriers Greater variety and availability to food More convenient ways to transport food due to technological developments . Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) help to create more employment opportunities for the locals . CONS Increased competition in global market. Decreases food security at the local level Exploitation of host country’s resources by FDI’s FDIs such as fast food chains introduces an unhealthy diet to the locals

5. FOOD SECURITY FOOD SECURITY exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. (The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations , 2008) PILLARS OF FOOD SECURITY AVAILABILITY OF FOOD ACCESS TO FOOD UTILIZATION OF FOOD STABILITY OF FOOD

6. Europe & Central Asia – “The triple burden of malnutrition” consisting of undernutrition , overweight and obesity, and micronutrient deficiencies . (Food & Agriculture Organisation,2019) Malaysia – The only member of ASEAN with all three burdens of malnutrition (obesity, stunting & anaemia ) . (The Star, 2019) South Sudan – An estimated 43% of the population were forecast to be severely food insecure by the end of last year, more than 1 million children acutely malnourished in 2018. Liberia – One in three children under age of 5 are stunted or too short. This puts Liberia become one of the 21 countries with the highest stunting levels in the world . (UNICEF, 2019) MALNUTRITION FACTS

7. IMPACTS OF MALNUTRITION Due to the above 3 points, the productivity of the people affected will decrease, moreover, it will affect countrywide development, and hence causing poverty which cycles back to malnutrition. Decreased Immunity Slows Down PhysicalGrowth Slows Down Mentality Development

8. The global call addressing and eliminating malnutrition in all its form continues to be unheeded by national government and their policymakers. Globa l: A sustainable food system components, processes and activities Local : Implement effectively for Nutrition Policy Comprehensive nutrition plans - National Plan of Action for Nutrition 1992, 2006,2016 Other nutrition plans: - Policy Options to Combat Obesity in Malaysia (2016) - Breastfeeding Policy (1992, revised in 2006) Nutrition in other plans: - Health Strategic Plan (2016) - Country Programme Action Plan (2016) - Sustainable Consumption and Production Blueprint (2016) - MOH PDA 2016-2020 - NSP-NCDs 2016-2020 CHALLENGES TO OVERCOME MALNUTRITION

9. Poverty is the principal cause of hunger. The causes of poverty include lack of resources, unequal income distribution in the world and within specific countries, conflict and hunger itself. Hunger is also a cause of poverty, and thus hunger, in a cyclical relationship. 3 MAIN CAUSES of hunger as pointed out by FAO, WFP & EU are: Political Instability Food and Agricultural Policy Climate Change CAUSES OF HUNGER

10. IMPACTS OF WORLD HUNGER Causes issues in cognitive development of a child significantly resulting in a poor academic performance Weakens the immune system making a person more susceptible to disease Loss of human capital, hence Government has to spend more on health care SOCIAL HEALTH ECONOMICAL

11. STATE OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN THE WORLD 2019 More than 820 MILLION PEOPLE in the world were still hungry in 2018, underscoring the immense challenge of achieving the Zero Hunger target by 2030 Hunger is on the rise in almost all AFRICAN SUBREGIONS , making Africa the region with the highest prevalence of undernourishment.

12. WITH HUNGER LIMITING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, WE WILL NOT BE ABLE TO ACHIEVE THE OTHER SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTS GOALS SUCH AS EDUCATION, HEALTH AND GENDER EQUALITY ZERO HUNGER: WHY DOES IT MATTER? TO END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

13. GOAL 2 TARGETS BY 2030 TO END HUNGER END hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people vulnerable situations, i ncluding infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round END all forms of malnutrition, including achieving and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons DOUBLE the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs for value addition and non-farm employment ENSURE sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production

14. Thanks.

15. DISCLAIMER: THE PRESENTATION IS INTENDED FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY AND DOES NOT REPLACE INDEPENDENT PROFESSIONAL JUDGEMENT. STATEMENTS OF FACT AND OPINION. AND ALSO, THANK YOU FROM US; ASSIF SHAMIM BIN MUSTAFFA @ SULAIMAN NOOR KHAIRUL IDHAM BIN NORDIN MOHAMMAD ZUL FITRI BIN ZALANI DARREN DAMIAN LEE YOU HAN TAN WEE HUAT Special Thank You to Associate Prof Dr Norhani Bakri .