xii Contents
Ethical Management: Payoffs and Kickbacks—Who Pays? 245
Centralization Versus Decentralization, 247
The Informal Organization 250
Informal Organization Defined, 250 • Informal and Formal
Organizations Compared, 250 • Emergence of the Informal
Organization, 251 • Structure of the Informal Organization, 252 •
Impact of the Informal Organization, 254
Chapter 9: Organizational Design, Culture, and Change 262
Introduction 264
Designing Organizational Structures 264
Organizational Design Defined, 264 • Objectives of Organizational
Design, 264
Ethical Management: Profits and Layoffs 265
Global Applications: Nokia: Reorganized Business 266
Range of Organizational Design Outcomes, 266 • Mechanistic
Organizational Structures, 267 • Organic Organizational
Structures, 267
Contingency Factors Affecting Organizational Design 268
Strategy, 268 • Environment, 268 • Size of the Organization, 269 •
Age of the Organization, 270 • Technology, 272
Structural Options in Organizational Design 273
Functional Structure, 273 • Divisional Structure, 274 • Matrix
Structure, 276 • Team Structure, 278 • Network Structure, 279
Organizational Culture 280
Organizational Culture Defined, 280 • Factors Shaping Culture, 281
Valuing Diversity: Deloitte & Touche Changes the Culture 283
Manifestations of Culture 284
Statements of Principle, 284 • Stories, 284 • Slogans, 284 •
Heroes, 284 • Ceremonies, 284 • Symbols, 285 • Climate, 285 •
Physical Environment, 286
Creation of Culture 286
Role of Managers, 286 • Role of Employees, 287 • Factors
Contributing to the Effectiveness of Culture, 288
Nature of Culture 289
Sources of Change, 290 • Types of Change, 291 • Rates
of Change, 292 • Management and Change, 293
Managing Technology: Collaboration 294
How to Manage Change 295
Need for Change: Diagnosing and Predicting It, 295 • Steps in
Planned Change, 297
Qualities Promoting Change 298
Mutual Trust, 298 • Organizational Learning, 299 • Adaptability, 299