Management of Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater

discuss about the various health affect of arsenic and its treatment method

1. Management of Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater Presented by Chandra Vanshi Thakur 17WM60R07 School of Water Resources Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur 1

2. Contents Introduction Objective Review of Literature Treatment Methods Result And Discussions Conclusion References 2

3. Introduction Arsenic is a p-block metalloid Arsenic exists in nature as arsenopyrite , cobaltite, realgar etc Has oxidation state of -3, 0, 3, and 5 Inorganic Arsenic is more toxic to human 3

4. Introduction: Source Anthropogenic activities in the crust Various chemical processes ( redox reaction, dissolution, chemisorption , hydrolysis ) Volcanic ash Weathering of the arsenic-containing mineral Arsenic contents of surface sediments vary in the range 6-40 mg/kg; fine sand and sediments tend to have higher levels of arsenic than coarser fractions ( Safiullah , 2007) 4

5. Contd.. 5 Figure 1: Arsenic sources. Figure source https://www.groundwater.org

6. Review of Literature Citation with year Work done Critical comments Brandhuber et al ., 1998 Removal of Arsenic through filtration , electric repulsion and adsorption of arsenic bearing compounds . Effectiveness depends on the size distribution of arsenic bearing particles. Efficiency of membrane filtration for arsenic removal is sensitive to untreated water contaminants. Dambies , 2005 Removal of Arsenic by passing water through Metal loaded polymers in controlled pH Buffer should be avoided as they can interfere with adsorbent. 6

7. 7 Citation with year Work done Critical comments LUZI et al ., 2004 Removal of Arsenic through several adsorptive media like activated alumina, activate carbon, iron and manganese coated sand with or without pH adjustment. The efficiency of adsorptive media depends on the use of oxidising agents .this method is tend to be used more often when arsenic is the only contaminant. Mukhopadhyay et al ., 2002 Biological mechanism used to reduce Arsenate to Arsenite and oxidise As(iii) enzymatically . A wide range of bacteria should be isolated from various contaminated water. Review of Literature

8. OBJECTIVES To discuss the health effect of Arsenic exposure To study the various methodology involves in reducing As concentration 8

9. Health effect of Arsenic Exposure Trivalent arsenic is more water soluble than pentavalent arsenic compounds so it is more toxic in nature Arsenic exposure causes melanosis , kurtosis and pigmentation ( Rahman et al., 2009) It affects pituitary gland and also causes Alzheimer disease ( O’Bryant Et al., 2011). 9

10. Contd.. Causes headache, encephalopathy and disrupted cranial activities and even death on acute exposure ( Uede and Furukawa, 2003; Bartolome et al., 1999) iAs exposure can causes endemic black foot diseases (BFD) it is a specific type of peripheral vascular diseases (Tseng et al., 2005) Densely populated regions of South Asia affected by arsenic contamination ( Bhattacharya et al., 1997; Smith et al., 2000) 10

11. Methodology Precipitation processes Sorption Technology Membrane Filtration Emerging Biological Technologies 11

12. Precipitation Process Involves coagulation with iron and aluminium salts Adsorption co-precipitation with hydrolyzing metals like Al 3+ and Fe 3+ Atmospheric oxygen, hypochlorite and permanganate are used for oxidation Also capable of removing hardness or heavy metal 12

13. Sorption Technology Materials having big surface are and high surface energy can separate and remove the contaminant by the process of Adsorption Granular adsorptive filter media have high effectiveness in arsenic removal from water These technology are capable of removing arsenic to below the required standard level(USEPA, 2002) Efficiency of adsorptive media depends on use of oxidising agents to provoke the adsorption of Arsenic 13

14. Membrane Filtration Arsenic can be remove through filtration, electric repulsion and adsorption of arsenic bearing compounds Effectiveness of microfiltration and ultrafiltration depends on the size bearing particles in the source water Since arsenic level in groundwater is typically 80-90% RO is very effectivecin removing both As(iii) and As(v) Produces large volume of residuals and is more expensive 14

15. Emerging Biological Technologies Two major biological mechanisms can describe the reduction of arsenate into arsenite a) Detoxification of the cells b) Dissimilatory reduction It include heterotrophic bacteria as well as chemoautotrophic bacteria in which As(III) serve as an electron donor reducing oxygen or nitrate energy produced is used to fix CO 2 , which provide bacteria with the carbon required for growth 15

16. Table 1: Efficiency of conventional arsenic removal techniques Source : Duarte , 2009 16

17. Table 2. Comparison of the main emerging techniques for arsenic removal Source : Duarte., 2009 17

18. Results and Discussion Coagulation-filtration and softening with lime addition techniques are economical, but display lower efficiencies (<90%) Among the most efficient techniques (>95%), adsorption using aluminium carbonates stands out as one of the least expensive Compared with AA, hybrid adsorbents enhance adsorption capacities for arsenite due to the introduction of thiol groups Based on filtration process use of iron oxide as an adsorbent has high removal efficiencies (over 95%) 18

19. Conclusion Since acute and chronic exposure to arsenic can cause a variety of diseases, including fatal cancer , it should be treated before drinking with suitable treatment process Available arsenic removal technologies are generally complex, expensive and often inadequate for As(III) With excellent microbiological quality removal of Arsenic can be done effectively 19

20. References Brandhuber , P. and Amy, G., 1998. Alternative methods for membrane filtration of arsenic from drinking water.  Desalination ,  117 (1-3), pp.1-10. Birgit Daus , Rainer Wennrich , Holger Weiss, 2004, Sorption materials for arsenic removal from water:a comparative study . Water Research 38, 2948–2954. Duarte, A.A., Cardoso, S.J. and Alçada , A.J., 2009. Emerging and innovative techniques for arsenic removal applied to a small water supply system.  Sustainability ,  1 (4), pp.1288-1304. Darrell Kirk Nordstrom, 2002, Worldwide Occurrences of Arsenic in Ground Water, Science Vol. 296 , 2143-2145. D. Mohan, C.U. Pittman Jr., 2007, Arsenic removal from water/wastewater using adsorbents— A critical review Journal of Hazardous Materials 142 , 1–53. Dr. Laurent Dambies , 2005, Existing and Prospective Sorption Technologies for the Removal of Arsenic in Water, Separation Science and Technology-Vol . 39 , No. 3, pp. 603–627. EPA, 2001, “Arsenic in Drinking Water -Treatment Technologies”: Removal, 1-5. Erin Valentine, Michael George, and Lisa McIntosh, 2003,”Arsenic in drinking water ”. 20

21. References Ioannis A Katsoyiannis , Anastasios Zouboulis , 2004, Application of Biological Processes for the Removal of Arsenic from Groundwater “Article in Water Research 38, 17–26. Khaja Shameem Mohammed Abdul , Sudheera Sammanthi Jayasinghe , Ediriweera P.S. Chandana a, Channa Jayasumana c, P. Mangala C.S.De Silva ,2015 , Arsenic and human health effects: A review. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. Liu Zhenzhong , Deng Huiping & Zhan Jian , 2007, Arsenic in Drinking Water and Its Removal, Chinese Journal of Population Resources andEnvironment -5, 23-28. McCarty, K.M., Hanh , H.T., Kim, K.-W., 2011. Arsenic geochemistry and human health in South East Asia. Rev. Environ. Health 26 , 71–78. Mukhopadhyay , R.; Rosen, B.P. Arsenate reductases in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Environ. Health Perspect . 2002, 110, 745-748   21

22. References R. Nickson , C. Sengupta , P. Mitra , S. N. Dave , A. K. Banerjee , A.Bhattacharya , S. Basu , N.Kakoti , N.S.Moorthy , M. Wasuja , M. Kumar , D.S. Mishra , A. Ghosh , D. P. Vaish , A.K.Srivastava , R. M. Tripathi , S.N.Singh , R.Prasad , S. Bhattacharya & P. Deverill , 2007, Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A 42 , 1707–1718. SSWM, 2004, Arsenic Removal Technologies, Compiled by:Household sand filter operated by a family in the red river delta.Source : LUZI et al. Sustainability, 2009, Emerging and Innovative Techniques for Arsenic Removal Applied to a Small Water Supply System, 1288-1304. Thematic Overview Paper 17 by Branislav Petrusevski , Saroj Sharma, Jan C. Schippers (UNESCO-IHE), and Kathleen Shordt (IRC), Reviewed by: Christine van Wijk (IRC). “Arsenic in drinking water”. IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, March 2007 . 22

23. THANK YOU… 23