Management of Red lateritic soil and Dry land soil...pptx

Management of problematic soil.

1. BTC,College of Agriculture and and Research Station Sarkanda,Bilaspur (C.G.) Assignment on – Management Principles of Red lateritric and Dryland Soil. Course Title – Management of problem soil and water Course code – SOILS- 513 Course credit - 3(2+1) Department - Agronomy SUBMITTED TO - SUBMITTED BY- Dr. Yushma Sao Mr. Mohan Sahu ASST. Proffessor of Soil Science M.Sc,1 st Year,2 nd Sem

2. Management principles of Red lateritic soil The word laterite is comes from the Latin word later  which means a brick; this highly compacted and  cemented  soil can easily be cut into brick-shaped blocks. Red laterite soil is  a type of soil that is considered as a brick also . This type of soil is rich in iron and aluminium . They are usually formed in hot and wet tropical areas. These soils are red because of the iron oxide content; this mineral gave the soil a red colouration . Laterite soil is mainly found in Karnataka, Kerala and the hilly areas of Odisha and Assam. In laterite soil, humus content is very low .

3. Constraints of Laterite soil Physical constraints – S oil erosion and hardening of Laterites. Low Water holding Capacity. Reduced soil volume due to concretions and occurance Plinthite and petroplinthite . Drought stress.

4. Chemical Constraints – Low CEC. Low organic matter. High acidity. Fe and Al toxicity. High phosphorus fixation. Poor nutrient status.

5. Management of Red lateritic soil Shallow soils Insufficient soil volume limits root growth and supply of water and nutrients to the crop in required amount. Construction of 10 cm high ridge on shallow soils of depth ranging from 15 to 35 cm was found beneficial for root growth. Addition of clay or rice husk improve the physical condition and crop growth. These soils are most suitable for plantation crops. Types of crops that can be grown in red soil: Bananas, Sugarcane, Fruits like oranges, pineapples, and avocados Vegetables like carrots, potatoes, celery, beets, spinach, beans, peas, and corn. 

6. These soils are most suitable for plantation crop Liming to reduce Al-saturation below toxic levels and promote Ca and Mg in Soils. Use of plant species tolerant to Al, Fe,Mn.eg -Sugarcane ,Beans ,Banana. L ateritic soils are well weathered with low CEC and high P fixing capacity, it is necessary to maintain high and balanced rates of manuring . It is also essential to apply very large quantity of phosphate rocks to ensure sufficient P for good rooting activity. primary aims of soil and water management here are to reduce run-off and soil erosion, and build-up organic matter in the soil. legumes during immaturity to early maturity phase and light grasses.

7. Vermicomposting and Use of oil cakes are promising practices to increase nutrient use and it’s efficiency. Soil Crust Management The top layer of red soils is highly susceptible to crusting which obstructs water intake and seedling emergence. Surface sealing is physical phenomenonpromoted largely by the beating action of rain drops.Crusts develop when scales created by rain storms are subjected to rapid drying under direct sunlight. Adverse effects of crusting can be abated by – ( i )breaking the crust mechanically, and (ii) Amending the soil to conserve native soil aggregation.

8. Proper Fertiliser Use Contrary to the past belief that excessive risks are associated with the use of chemical fertilizers,researchers over the past three decades has conclusively established high responses to fertilizer –N across contrasting rainfed environment. Favoured by superior efficiency of utilization, fertilization of rainfed crops is highly beneficial in economic terms. Additionally, fertilized crops are more vigorous and exhibit greater ability to withstand drought for a long time. A fertilized crop is also able to recover faster following relief from stress

9. Alternate Land-Use Systems Erosion-induced degradation of rainfed soils can be effectively arrested if they are set apart for perenial pastures, trees or their combinations. Agroforesrty isan alternative land-use system that integrates the cultivation of woody perennials with pastoral or arablecrops . They may be silvi pasture (tree + pasture), agri -horticulture (arable crop + fruit trees), and alley cropping (arable crop cultivation in the passage between the rows of trees or shrubs)). Social forestry (to meet social objectives) and tree farming are some additional land use systems. Ley farming (rotating arable crops with legume forages) is an alternative land-use system that does not include arboreal species.

10. Rain -water Conservation Since water is the most limiting factor in crop growth, strategies aimed at conserving it and optimizing its use can substantially moderate drought effects. Watershed-based planning with maximum emphasis on rain-water conservation is crucial in attaining the objectives of improved crop production. Timely Sowing To harvest full potential of rain-water, sowing must closely follow the beginning of the season. Delays shorten the growing season. No other practice can offset the yield loss arising from.

11. Management principles of Dryland Soil Dryland soils generally occur in arid, semi-arid and dry sub humid regions with some occasional occurrence in other regions. The basis of definition of aridity or dryness is the ratio of mean annual precipitation to potential evapotranspiration.  Soils in dryland farmin g r egions range from sandy, shallow, low-fertility soils to highly productive, medium-to-fine textured, deep soils, but the majority of dryland soils have serious constraints. Problems such as soil hardening, compaction by tillage implements, susceptibility to water and wind erosion, low fertility, shallowness, stoniness, restricted drainage, and salinization are common in dryland regions.

12. Constraints of Dryland Soil Poor and marginal lands with soils low in fertility and productivity. Uneven topography with high erodability . Difficulty in workability particularly in Vertisols . Shallow or very deep in depth with extreme permeability. Low moisture storage and release capacity particularly in Alfisols ; Presence of dissolved injurious salts in ground water. Problem soils with respect to soil reaction (pH) and high concentration of soluble salts in the surface soils. Water logging in level lands; flooding and breaking small field bunds resulting in poor conservation of soil and water.

13. Management of Dryland soil Growing early maturing adaptable crop varieties with a deep and ramified root system and with a reduced number, size and horizontally orientation of leaves. M aintaining optimum plant population per unit area. S owing crops either in dry soil anticipating rainfall suitable for early crop establishment with the first shower, and subsequent growth and development with subsequent rainfall, or in optimum soil moisture but with a minimum expenditure of seasonal moisture for land preparation and sowing; K eeping the field free from weeds, A doption mixed or intercropping to utilise the slow growth phase of wide spaced crops, to restore soil fertility and to check soil and water loss, using mulches, using agri-chemicals;e.g . anti- transpirants , plant modifiers or growth retardants, desiccants or defoliants, crop ripeners , anti- evaporants , antiseepage .

14. Cropping systems- Intercropping facilitates the growing of either cereal + legume or legume + legume. e.g. are: sorghum + pigeonpea , pearl millet + pigeonpea , sorghum + green gram, sorghum + soybean, groundnut + pigeonpea and foxtail millet + pigeonpea . In areas with more than 750 mm annual rainfall with a soil storage capacity of 150 mm or more of available moisture sequential cropping is possible. e.g. pulses and oil-seeds, rice followed by chick-pea, maize followed by chick-pea, sorghum or green gram followed by safflower or sorghum- chick-pea and maize-chick-pea.

15. Mechanical Methods These break up the slope. Intercept runoff before its volume and velocity become sufficient to cause serious erosion gives more time for infiltration water is diverted into the channels down safe gradients of suitable discharge or outlet points which carry away water in such a way as to minimize erosion damage to other land and Finally leading to better conservation of run-off water for agriculture. Tie-ridging The practice of tie-ridging, where adjacent ridges are joined at regular intervals by barriers or ties of the same height, allows the water to infiltrate and prevent run-off except during intense storms. This method is adequate in moderate rainfall areas, except on very steep slopes.

16. Ploughing Ploughing across the slope and growing low value crops in catchment areas, the ploughing of deep soils should be done once in three to four years immediately after  rabi  crops. The light, shallow and medium soils should be hoed instead of ploughing which help to receive and retain moisture. Reclaiming problem soils Reclaimation of Acidic Alkaline and Saline soils should be reclaim by adding lime, gypsum, sulphur , or pyrites respectively. Growing high value crops in level run-off concentrated strips and incorporating a liberal quantity of organic matter.

17. Maintenance of soil fertility and yield stability T he combined use of farmyard manure and green manure with inorganic fertiliser , T he incorporation of crop residues, T he inclusion of fodder-legumes/legumes in the cropping system/rotation, T he use of bio- fertilisers , S uitable methods of application of fertilisers , and mulching.

18. 5.D eveloping small agricultural watersheds for run off collection and recycling for life saving irrigation to crops in moisture stress, 6.Allowing a portion of the holding as chemical or legume fallow which on cultivation provides a substantial yield during famine, 7.Adopting alternate land use planning in conjunction with regular cropping to improve the income of the farming families from fibre , fuel, fruit, furniture-timber, fodder and farm animals.

19. Reference - Das D.K. 4 th Edi( 2016) Introductory Soil Science, New delhi , Kalyani publishers. https://www.britannica.com/science/laterite. https://iopscience.iop.org/article https://www.researchgate.net https://www.researchgate.net/publication.