management strategies of banded leaf and sheath blight disease of maize

BLSB disease is one of the serious threat to maize cultivation.

1. Management of Banded leaf and sheath blight of maize : traditional to recent approaches Credit seminar on Jagdish Yadav Roll no. 20719 Division of Plant Pathology ICAR- INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE

2. Maize is the 3 rd most important cereal crop after rice and wheat. It is also known as the “queen of the cereals” due to high yield potential compared to other cereals. Maize is consumed both as food and fodder. INTRODUCTION

3. Area :8.78 mha Production:21.76 MT Productivity:2540 kg/ha Production and productivity of maize in India

4. BLSB RUST SMUT DMs SLB Charcol rot Major diseases of maize

5. Banded leaf and sheath blight BLSB First reported by Bertus in 1927 from Sri Lanka. In India, the disease was first reported in 1960 from Tarai region of Uttar Pradesh. It is a major threat to maize production. It is prevalent worldwide but most predominant in south China and southeast Asia.

6. Distribution of BLSB in world

7. Pathogen The disease is caused by Rhizoctonia solani f. sp . s asakii. It is a soil borne pathogen. It belongs to AG 1-1A anastomosis group of Rhizoctonia solani isolates. It is one of the most widespread, destructive and versatile pathogen prevalent in most parts of the world. Morphological characteristics: pale to brown colour of mycelium branching near the distal septum in young growing hyphae presence of a constriction and formation of a septum in branch near the point of origin absence of clamp connections sclerotia of undifferentiated texture young multinucleate hyphal cells with a prominent septal pore apparatus and rapid growth rate Produces silky white fast growing colonies on PDA medium

8. Microscopic view of a hypha and monilioid cells of Rhizoctonia solan i Courtesy— Lakshman and Amaradasa ( 2014)

9. Disease symptoms

10. Economic importance In India , it causes grain yield loss of 23.9 to 31.9% (Lal et al., 1980). Lal et al. (1985) had suggested that grain yield loss can go up to an extent of 90 %. In Guangxi province of China, yield losses of 87.5 and 57.8% were recorded under natural conditions in the hybrids Luyu 13 and Guiding planted at Bao Qiao and Chen Xiang (Sharma, 2005) Upto 100% grain yield loss is recorded in south China.

11. Management practices Cultural practices 2. Chemical 3. Bio control 5. Host resistance 4. Ecofriendly management

12. Cultural practices

13. Cultural practices Selection of well drained field Planting on raised bed Proper plant population and application of cattle compost prior to planting Lee et al.,1989

14. Use appropriate dose of fertilizers Mean incidence and severity of Banded leaf and sheath blight at different nitrogen levels on maize hybrids

15. Composting of hard wood on infested soil Hoitink HAJ (1980) Leaf stripping or leaf shading Sharma RC, Hembram D (1990) Inter cropping Lehman et al, ( 1976)

16. 2. Chemical control

17. S. N o. Common name Group Molecular formula Mode of action Reference for BLSB control 1 Tebuconazole Triazole C 16 H 22 ClN 3 O Ergosterol synthesis inhibition Krishnam et al., 2008 2 Propiconazole Triazole C 15 H 17 Cl 2 N 3 O 2 Ergosterol synthesis inhibition Madan et al., 2016 3 Carbendazim  Benzimidazole C 9 H 9 N 3 O 2 Inhibits DNA synthesis Divya et al., 2013, Akhtar et al., 2010 4 Thiabendazole Benzimidazole C 10 H 7 N 3 S 1 Inhibits DNA synthesis Saxena et al., 2002 Fungicides used against BLSB

18. Seed and soil treatment with carbendazim

19. Propiconazole

20. Madan Lal et., 2016

21. 3. Biological control

22. Biocontrol agents used against BLSB S.N. BCA Reference for BLSB Mgt 1 Trichoderma harzianum Sharma et al (2002) 2 Pseudomonas fluorescens Meena et al (2003) 3 Bacillus subtilis Amran et al (2006) 4 Hypovirulent binucleate Rhizoctonia Cecilla et al (2000)

23. Bacillus subtilis

24. Pseudomonas fluorescens

25. Seed treatment @ 20 g/kg was most effective, soil treatment @ 2.5 kg/ha was most effective in controlling the disease and spraying @ 0.5% was most effective

26. Cross protection

27. 4. Ecofriendly management

28. Botanicals Alicin

29. 5. Host Resistance

30. Resistance to BLSB is quantitative resistance It is governed by multiple genes It is highly influenced by G ×E interaction

31. CM-103, CM-104 , CM-105 , CM-211, CM-117, CM-118-1 , CM-118-2 , CM-200, CM-201 , CM-202, CM-205, CM-300, CM-500, CM-600 , Eto 182, Aust 25, P217 , P 407 , CML-267, Antigua Gr.II , JML-32 , JML-306 , JML-403 , VL-43

32. Mapping of QTLs conferring resistance to BLSB 1.

33. An F 2:3 mapping population comprising 193 individuals was generated using CA00106 as the resistant parent and CM140 as the susceptible parent. Genotyping of this mapping population was undertaken using 127 polymorphic SSR markers. Total 8 QTLs were mapped: 3 from Delhi 4 from Udaipur 1 from Pantnagar

34. References:- 72(Zhao et al., 2006), 79(Chen et al., 2009), 73(Lin et al., 2008), 74( Garg et al., 2009), 80(Lin et al., 2013) and 32(Yang et al., 2005) Different QTLs identified for resistance to BSLB

35. Recent approaches Micro RNA mediated resistance

36. Case study-1 Hypothesis: To see if there any role of miRNAs in Maize in response to BLSB stress Methodology ‘‘R15’’ – resistant and high-sensitive maize line ‘‘Ye478’ were inoculated with Rizoctonia solani Leaf samples were collected at 0, 6, 12, 24 of hpi . small RNA was isolated from each sample using the mir Vana TM miRNA Isolation Kit Expression analysis of Zma-miRNA393b and association target gene by Q-PCR

37. Zma-miR393b was down expressed in resistance plant and up regulated in sensitive plant. Increased expression of TIR1-like (F-box) gene in resistance plant . Target gene TIR1 being consequently accumulated in resistance plant inducing auxin signals. Thus signal transduction pathways were activated to strengthen the morphological and metabolic adaptation in maize Results Cont…… Expression of Zma-miR393b in R15 and Ye478 at different duration Zma-miR393b TIR1-like (F-box) in SCF ubiquitin ligase Auxin synthesis Cycle negative regulators Auxin mediated growth and development ( Gray et al.1999)

38. Conclusion Carbendazim as soil and seed treatment is most effective control measure Bio control agents such as Bacillus can control disease effectively Resistance is polygenic and it is highly affected by G×E interaction Micro RNAs imparts resistance by negatively regulating the pathogenicity genes

39. Future prospect Resistance varieties or hybrids can be developed by intogressing the QTLs which confers resistance to the pathogen.

40. Acknowledgements