Management Thoughts [Pre-Scientific Management Era (before 1880), Classical management Era (1880-1930), Neo-classical Management Era (1930-1950), Modern Management era (1950-on word). Contribution of Management Thinkers: Taylor, Fayol, Elton Mayo etc.

Management

1. Unit-1 Management Theories Interpersonal Roles Figure Head Leader Liaison Informational Roles Monitor Disseminator Spokesperson Decisional Roles Entrepreneur Disturbance Handler Resource allocator Negotiator arises directly from the manager’s position and the formal authority bestowed upon him. informational roles is played as a direct result of the interpersonal roles these two categories give rise to the third category of decisional roles. Managerial Roles: Apart from five managerial functions of planning, organizing, directing and controlling, there are ten managerial roles coordinating as well. Managers interact with whom? peers, subordinates, superiors, suppliers, customers, government officials and community leaders. Interpersonal Roles: Figurehead role: greeting visitors, signing legal documents, taking important customers to lunch, attending a subordinate’s wedding or speaking at functions in schools and churches. Leadership role: lead and coordinate their activities in meeting task-related goals and he must motivate them to perform better. Liaison role: maintain a network of outside contacts in order to assess the external environment of competition, social changes or changes in governmental rules and regulations.

2. Unit-1 Management Theories Informational Roles: Monitor role: monitoring and scanning their environment, both internal and external, collecting and studying information regarding their organization and the outside environment affecting their organization. Information disseminator role: information regarding changes in policies or other matters Spokesman role: sending relevant information to people outside his unit or making some demands on behalf of his unit. Decision Roles: Entrepreneurship role: lookout for new ideas for product improvement or product addition. Conflict handling role: solving differences among the subordinates or the employee’s conflicts with the management. Resource allocator role: establish priorities among various projects or programmes and make budgetary allocations. Negotiator role: negotiating deals and agreements within and outside the organization.

3. Unit-1 Management Theories Management Skills: Technical skills: use of knowledge, methods and techniques in performing a job effectively. Interpersonal skills: ability to work with other people amicably. It involves patience, trust and genuine involvement Conceptual skills: ability to view the organization as a whole and as a total entity as well as a system comprised of various parts and subsystems integrated into a single unit. Diagnostic skills: analytical ability where he can logically and objectively investigate and analyze a problem or an opportunity and use scientific approaches to arrive at a feasible and optimal solution. Communicational skills: A manager’s best ideas will have little impact if they cannot be communicated effectively. Good communication is the foundation of sound management. Proper communication eliminates delays, misunderstandings, confusion, distortions and conflicts and improves coordination and control. Political skills: ability to get your own way without seeming to be selfish or self-oriented. It is the ability to get your share of power and authority and use it without fear of losing it.

4. Unit-1 Management Theories Evolution of Management thought: Early contribution: Chanakya / Vishnugupt / Kautilya , Shri Krishna, Shakuni , Shri Ram, Egyptian papyri dating back as early as 1300 BC. The parables of Confucius gave practical suggestions for adequate public administration and advise to the selection of unselfish, honest and capable officers. The classical Approach: Main features of this approach are: Management is viewed as a systematic network of various functions. Develop principles based on past experience and use as a guideline for giving training. Functions, principles and skills of management are universal. Can be applied anywhere. Formal education and training are emphasized for developing managerial skills in upcoming managers. Emphasis is placed on economic efficiency and the formal organization structure. People are motivated by economic gains. Therefore, the organization controls economic incentives. Advantages Disadvantages It focuses on what managers actually do. It ignores the environmental changes and their effect on management. It highlights the universal nature of management. It relays too much on the past experience. The technique or principle found effective in the past may not be effective in the future. It provides a scientific basis for managerial practice. It is based on oversimplified assumptions. Its principles are ambiguous and contradictory. It provides a starting point for researchers to verify the validity and to improve the applicability of management thought. It offers a mechanistic framework that undermines the role of the human factor.

5. Evolution of Management thought: Major Schools of Management Thought: 1. Management process schools 2. Empirical school 3. Human Behaviors or Human relations school 4. Social school 5. Decisions Theory school 6. Mathematical or Quantitative Management school 7. Systems Management school 8. Contingency school Contribution of F. W. Taylor – Scientific Management: The concept of scientific management was developed by FW Taylor, who implemented the technique and scientific methods such as logic, observation, combination, and analysis to study working conditions and management to develop the functional level in factories and production units. Unit-1 Management Theories

6. Evolution of Management thought: Henry L. Gantt (1861-1919): Henry Gantt worked with Taylor and was responsible for introducing “Task and Bonus Plan” and the Gantt chart. The “Task and Bonus Plan” was aimed at providing extra wages for extra work in addition to a guaranteed minimum wage. Henry Fayol —Principles of Management (1841-1925): Was a mining engineer, considered the father of Administrative Management Theory, often called Process Theory or Structural Theory. his 14 principles of management are still relevant for many industries. Major Contributors to the Administrative Theory of Management: Unit-1 Management Theories