Mango: An Overview

All cultural practices, cultivars, insect-pest, disease, and physiological disorders.

1. MANGO PRESENTED BY: MEEZAN ALI

2. INTRODUCTION The genus Mangifera , belongs to Family Anacardiaceae with 40 chromosome number (2n). Originated in South- East Asia. All the edible cultivars belong to the single species Mangifera indica L. which originated Indian subcontinent. It is one of the best-known and most widely cultivated tropical fruit species, with production occurring in most countries in the tropics and subtropics. In India, mango known as king of fruit. Its flowers, formerly used in preparing an otto (am attar). India rank first among the major world producers of mango, accounting for 42.2% of the world’s total production (2016-17).

3. SOIL, CLIMATE AND SYSTEM OF PLANTING The mango can grow well in all types of soil from alluvial to lateritic, except black cotton soils, although flat alluvial soils with pH 5.5–7 and a soil depth of at least 1 m are preferred. It does well within a temperature ranging from 24-27°C. The limiting factors for its profitable cultivation are low temperatures (freezing) and commonly occurring frosts during the period of flowering. The square system of planting is the most popular for mango, spacing with 10 X 10 m. Amrapali could be planted at a spacing of 2.5 X 2.5 m with triangular system, a plant density of 1600 per hectare.

4. C ultivars Based on time of ripening , varieties may be classified as under : Early- Bombay Green- This is the earliest cultivar of northern India, maturing during the first half of J une. Highly susceptible to mango- malformation. Kesar - It is a famous cultivar of Gujarat. Himsagar - This is the most popular commercial cultivar of West Bengal. Mid-season- Alphonso - This is one of the finest of Indian mangoes. Bangalora - This is one of the most widely cultivated cultivar of southern India. It is one of the few regular bearing cultivars of mango. Dashehari - This is the most popular cultivar of northern India. It is mature towards the end of June.

5. Langra - S ome people in the North rank it even higher than Dashehari . The fruits are large in size (3 to 4 per kg.). Zardalu - This is mainly cultivated in Bihar. It matures towards the end of June. Banganapalli - This is most widely cultivated cultivars of the South which is sent to the northern markets very early in the season (i.e., towards the end of April). Some other varieties are Krishnabhog , Mankurad and Vanraj , under Mid-season. Late - Fazli - This is a very late cultivar (matures late in August) with very large-sized fruits (2 fruits per kg). Chausa - this is one of the sweetest mangoes, lacking somewhat in acidity. Matures towards the end of July or Beginning of August. Fernandin , Mulgoa , Neelum ,

6. Hybrids: Amrapalli (Dashehari x Neelum), Mallika (Neelum x Dashehari), Arka Aruna (Banganapalli x Alphonso), Arka Puneet (Alphonso x Banganapalli), Arka Neelkiran (Alpohonso x Neelum), Ratna (Neelum x Alphonso), Sindhu (Ratna x Alphonso), Au Rumani (Rumani x Mulgoa), Manjeera (Rumani x Neelum), PKM 1 (Chinnasuvernarekha x Neelum). Recentely two variety of mango released by CISH- 1- Ambika- A cros between Amrapalli and janardhan pasand. It is a regular bearing variety, late in maturity and bright yellow colour with dark red blush, pulp dark yellow. 2- Arunika- A cross between Amrapalli and Vanraj. It is a regular bearer, has red peel colour.

7. Propagation and water management For obtaining uniformity in plant performance, it will have to be propagated asexually. Methods of vegetative propagation in mango can broadly be divided into 3 categories, viz., (a) Grafting, (b) Layering and (c) Cutting and out of these Grafting is most common. Veneer grafting is a commercial method of propagation. However, Epicotyl / Stone grafting is used for rapid multiplication in which germinated seedlings of 8 to 15 days’ age are used for propagation. Water requirement for tree fruits, in general, have not been worked out so far. However, in mango for obtaining good flowering one must stop irrigation at least 2 to 3 months before the flowering period. Irrigation during this period is likely to promote vegetative Growth, which will be detrimental to flowering.

8. Preparation of pits, planting and protection of plants Pits of 90 X 90 X 90 cm are usually dug out during summer months. While, Digging, it is necessary to keep the top soil and the sub soil separately in two heaps near each pit for about 2 to 4 weeks. Filling back the dug pits, well- decomposed organic matter is mixed with the top soil and the subsoil separately (in equal proportion) and the top soil mixture is filled first at the bottom of the pit. Planting is done during the rainy season when the soil in the pits has already settled. The planting should preferably be done during cloudy weather and in the evening.

9. Fertilization C.I.S.H. Lucknow has recommended that during the non bearing stage, the plant should be supplied with 73 g. N, 18 g. P and 68 g. K/ tree per year of age, and After that 400 g N, 200 P and 400 g K per tree for full bearing tree. One application is made when the first inflorescence begins to appear and The second immediately after harvest. Proper placement is important in ground application, as The highest feeder-root density is approximately 90–175 cm away from the trunk to a depth of 20 cm. Irrigation is necessary whenever fertilizer is applied.

10. Flowering, Pollination, Fruit Set and yield The flower bud differentiation in India, most cases occurs between October to December. The flowering of mango in India takes place as early as November-December in Rayalasema area of Andhra Pradesh, February to March in the northern India and slightly early (January- February) in the eastern parts of the country. The mango inflorescence or panicles bear mainly two types of flowers- male and Perfect, though neutral flowers are also encountered occasionally. The percentage of perfect flowers varies between 0.74 in Rumani and 69.8 in Langra .

11. The mango is a highly cross-pollinated crop. The common insect reported to be responsible for effecting pollination are Musca domestica (the common housefly). The period of rapid growth in mango indirectly related to the contents of auxin and gibberellin - like substances in the seeds. The overall yield of country is about seven to eight tons per hectare. In the “on year” a good crop consists of about 35 tons per hectare. When the specific gravity of fruits ranges between 1.01 and 1.02, it becomes mature.

12. Alternate bearing Alternate bearing is a very serious and an old problem in mango. It is the production of a heavy crop in one year and very little or no crop in the next year. Causes:- Varietal differences. Crop load. Cultural practices. Sex ratio. Insect-pest and disease. On year fruiting Off year fruiting Control:- Proper upkeep and maintenance of orchards Deblossoming Pruning Growing regular bearing cultivars

13. Name Causal organism Remark Powdery mildew Fungus ( Oidium mangiferae ) Warm humid weather and cool nights favour the spread of this disease. (30- 90% loss) Anthracnose Fungus ( Colletotrichum gloesporoides ) Also known as mango blossom blight or bird eye spot disease. Canker Bateria ( Xanthomonas compestris pv . mangiferae ) The infection increases with recurrent rainy weather. Mango hopper Amaritodus atkinsoni Their population is enormous in spring and summer. Mealy bug Drosicha mangiferae Fruit- fly Docus spp . The affected fruit become unfit for consumption due to maggot feeding in the flesh. Mango trunk borer Batocera rufomaculata Affected trees gradually lose their vigor, manifest drying of branches and in Severe cases death ensues. Disease and pest

14. Borer infestation on the main trunk Grub Adult Mango trunk borer Fruit- fly Mango hopper

15. Anthracnose Powdery mildew Mealy bug Canker

16. Physiological disorders Any kind of abnormality in economically important part of fruits or other parts that contribute to yield and quality of fruits is termed as physiological disorder. Black Tip, Mango Malformation, Spongy Tissue, Fruit drop, Clustering ( Jhumka ), Jelly seed and Leaf Scorch are the most serious disorders of mango. There are some r easons of physiological disorders- Deficiency of micronutrient Sudden fluctuation in temperature Smoke of brick kilns. Poor soil conditions and Improper moisture availability during cultivation.

17. Black tip of mango Vegetative mango Mango malformation malformation Floral mango malformatio

18. Clustering or Jhumka Jelly seed

19. Leaf scorch Spongy Tissue