Mango diseases and its management

Mango diseases in Indian sub continent and its management

1. Some Important Diseases of Mango & Its ManagementSome Important Diseases of Mango & Its Management
Dr.SubhomaySinha
M.Sc. (IARI), Ph. D. (IARI)

2. Powdery Mildew of Mango
Mango powdery mildew is caused by a fungus, named Oidiummangiferae.
It attacks panicle, flowers and leaves of mango, causing a superficial
white powdery appearance on it.
The disease is spread by wind and can spread very rapidly.
Because of poor fruits set and heavy flower / fruits drop, the loss due to
Powdery Mildew disease may be as high as 70 -80%.
Flowers fail to open, blacken or become brown, dry and may fall from
panicles as they become completely covered by the fungus. Symptom is
called –BLOSSOM BLIGHT.
Generally the infection starts from the inflorescence and spreads
downwards covering the floral axis, tender leaves and soft stem.

3. Favourableconditionfordiseaseoutbreak:
Highhumidity,cloudyweather&highwindvelocityfor3-4
day.
Minimumtemperature10-13
0
C,maximum27-31
0
CandRH
82-91%aremostencouragingfordiseaseseverity.
ThirdandfourthweekofMarchattainsmaximuminfestation.
Closeplantingoftreeswithoutpropercanopymanagement.
Powdery mildew of Mango

4. Powdery Mildew symptom on young mango
leaves
In severe infection, leaves become twisted,
brown, dry and fall.
POWDERY MILDEW Symptoms on Mango Leaves

5. Powdery Mildew symptom on mango inflorescence.
INFLORESCENCE TURNS BLACK WITH SUPERFICIAL “POWDERY –WHITE” APPEARANCE
POWDERY MILDEW symptoms on mango inflorescence

6. Powdery Mildew symptom on young mango fruit and leaf
POWDERY MILDEW symptoms on mango inflorescence

7. Management of disease
Prune the mango tree branches to keep them short for easy orchard
management, entry of sun light and air flowwithin the canopy –
These reduces the disease incidence.
Proper spacing of plant should be maintained at the time of orchard
establishment. It should not be less than 6 m X 6 m.
Avoidexcess application of nitrogen fertilizer to mango plants as it
welcomes fungal infestation.
Powdery mildew of Mango
Sprinkler irrigation method in mango orchard invites this disease, as it wets
the leaves and raises the RH within the plant canopy. So it should be
avoided.
Resistant varieties like Neelum, Zardalu, Banglora, Torapari-khurdand
Janardhanpasandshould be grown.

8. Slno Name of the fungicide Remark
1
Azoxystrobin Systemic fungicide
2
Carbendazim Systemic fungicide3
Dinocap Contact fungicide4
Hexaconazole Systemic fungicide5
Lime –sulphur / Sulphur Contact fungicide
6
Mancozeb Contact fungicide
7
Benomyl Contact fungicide
8
Miclobutanil Systemic fungicide
9
Pyraclostrobin Systemic fungicide
10
Carbendazim+ Mancozeb
Systemic + contact
fungicide
11
Triadimefon Systemic fungicide
12
Azoxystrobin+ Difenoconazol
Systemic + systemic
fungicide
Name of The Fungicides That Can Be Used for Controlling
POWDERY MILDEW OF MANGO
.
Spray the trees with systemic fungicides, belonging to “Triazole” or ”Strobilurin” group
like Pyraclostrobin, Azoxystrobin, Tryfloxystrobin, Triadimefon, Miclobutanil,
Hexaconazoleetc. Alter them regularly with contact fungicides like Sulphur /Lime –
sulphur, Carbendazim, Dinocap, Mancozebetc. This is the best practise to combat
resistance development of fungi.

9. For effective disease management, foursprays of fungicides
have beenrecommended, beginning from flower bud initiation
till complete fruit set at 7 –14 days interval. Fungicide with
Systemic nature should be altered with contact fungicide.
FIRST SPRAY AT FLOWER CLUSTER EMERGENCE STAGE
SECOND SPRAY AT JUST BEFORE THE CLUSTER OPENING
THIRD SPRAY DURING THE FRUIT SET
FOURTH SPRAY AT AFTER THE FRUIT SET.
Spraying at full bloom stage may be avoided.
Excessive application of sulphur may leads to phytotoxicity
.
Chemical control of MANGO POWDERY MILDEW disease

10. Anthracnose in Mango
1.It is a PRE –HARVEST and POST –HARVEST disease of mango.
2.is caused by a fungus, named Colletotrichumgloeosporioides.
3.Itresultsdifferentsymptomsnamedas LeafSpots,BlossomBlight,Wither
Tip,TwigBlightandFruitRotsymptomsonmangoplant.
4.RipefruitsaremostseverelyaffectedbyAnthracnose.Itisaserious
threatinpostharvestmanagementofripemangofruits.
Favourable conditions for disease development
Highhumidity,frequentrainsandatemperatureof24-32
0
Cfavoursthe
developmentofMangoAnthracnosedisease.
Inpostharvestcondition,itturnssevere,ifripemangoesareharvestedinrainor
storedaswetcondition.
A MAJOR DISEASE OF MANGO

11. Anthracnose in Mango
: SYMPTOMS
TwigBlight and related die back.
Infections appear initially on twigs and young branches as tiny,
well-defined black spots / flecks or specks.
Later, it enlarges and girdle the stem and twig starts decaying.

12. Anthracnose in Mango
: SYMPTOMS
On leaves circular, light yellow brown spots are
produced initially which soon enlarge with dark brown
to black margins. If infection is severe, individual spots
coalesce leading to twisting of foliage and premature
defoliation.
Leaf Spots

13. Anthracnose in Mango
: SYMPTOMS Blossom blight
Small black or dark-
brown spots
appears on
inflorescence, which
later enlarge,
coalesce, and cause
flower drop.
THIS SYMPTOM IS
CALLED BLOSSOM
BLIGHT.

14. Anthracnose in Mango
: SYMPTOMS Blossom blight
Anthracnose infected mango panicle (L) in comparison with healthy panicle (R)

15. Anthracnose in Mango
: SYMPTOMS
Pre –harvest infection on ripe
fruits
“Tear stain” effect on freshly -ripe mango
fruit is an indication of Anthracnose
Alligator skin development on ripe mango fruit
is an indication of Anthracnose

16. Anthracnose in Mango
: SYMPTOMS
Pre –harvest infection on ripe
fruits
Cracking of mango epidermis due to
Anthracnose disease

17. Anthracnose in Mango
: SYMPTOMS
Post –harvest infection on ripe
fruits
Sunken black lesions on ripe mango
fruits due to Anthracnose, called as
“Black Spots”.
If harvested wet condition, then the disease
develops rapidly and within 3 –4 days,
entire fruit turns black and become unfit for
consumption

18. CONTROL OF MANGO ANTHRACNOSE
Cultural practices
Sanitationoforchard:prunetreesyearlyandremovefallenplant-debrisfrom
theground.
Plantspacing:widerplantspacingwillinhibitsevereepidemics.
Intercropping:interpolatingmangowithothertypesoftreesthatarenon–host
ofMangoAnthracnosepathogen.
Biological control
SprayPseudomonusfluorescence onmangoplants,startingfromOctober,
withagapof21–25days.

19. Chemical control(before harvest)
When panicle / fruits / twigs are infested, then Spray one of the following
:
Difenoconazole@ 30 ml/100 litre water
Thiophenatemethyl @ 200 gm/100 litre water
Chlorothalonil+ Metalaxyl@ 250 gm/100 litre water
Fostylaluminium @ 500 gm/100 litre of water
Azoxystrobin23%SC@100ml/100lofwater,dependingonthesizeof
thetreecanopy.
Copperoxychloride@4gm/Lofwaterasapreventivemeasure.
CONTROL OF MANGO ANTHRACNOSE

20. Chemical control(after harvest)
Anthracnose can be managed with pre-harvest sprays of Carbendazimor
Thiophanatemethyl (0.1%) at 15 days interval in such a way that last
spray falls 12-15 days prior to harvest.
Hot water dipping of freshly harvested ripe fruits, containing fungicides
like Carbendazim(0.05%) or ThiophanateMethyl (0.1 %) for 5 minutes at
52 ±1
0
C gives effective control of Anthracnose disease during storage .
CONTROL OF MANGO ANTHRACNOSE

21. Mango Malformation
C.O. Fusariummangiferae, a fungi
The disease can cause abnormal flower, leaf and shoot growth.
There are two types of malformation symptoms namely :
1)
Vegetative Malformation
& 2)
Floral Malformation
.
Mango Malformation disease can affect mango trees of all ages, though
nursery plants are most susceptible.

22. Growing points such as leaf and stem buds produce misshapen shoots with short swollen
internodes and brittle leaves.
Vegetative Malformation
Trees between 4 -8 years of age suffer the most (90.9 %) from vegetative malformation
Mango Malformation
Malformed twig
Normal twig

23. Mango Malformation
Some
example of
Vegetative
Malformation
of Mango
Vegetative Malformation

24. Floral malformation
The flowering panicles instead of coming out as a normal one turns into compact bunch of
hard flowers. Flowers are enlarged, sterile and do not bear fruit.
Flower stems or panicles are thickened and highly branched, producing up to 3 times the
normal number of flowers. The malformed flowers remain green for longer period and hang on
the trees even after the fruiting season.
The flower buds are often transformed into vegetative buds, with a large number of small
leaves and stems, characterized by reduced internodes, gives a witches’-broom appearance
Mango Malformation
Normal inflorescence Malformed inflorescence

25. Some example of Floral Malformation
Mango Malformation

26. ControlmeasuresagainstMangomalformation
Useofdiseasefreeplantingmaterial.Infectedrootstockatnurseryshouldbedestroyed.
Scionpartofasexuallypropagatedmangoseedlingshouldnotbetakenfromplant,already
havingsymptomofmalformation.
Assoonasthediseaseappears,theaffectedterminalsalongwiththebasal15-20cmhealthy
portionshouldberemovedorprunedandburnt.
Incidencecanbereducedbyspraying100-200ppmNAA(Planofix)duringOctober,followed
bythesprayingofCarbendazim(0.1%)andThiophanateMethyl(0.1%).
Sprayingof1000ppmPaclobutrazol(10-60gm/tree),duringthefirstweekofOctoberreduced
malformation,increasednumberofhealthyflowersandincreasedtheyield.
PruningofdiseasedpartsinthemonthofOctober,followedbythesprayingofCarbendazim
(0.1%)helpstoreducediseaseinfestation.ThisisfollowedbythesprayingofCaptafol(0.2%).
Asinglefoliarapplicationof1,000ppmcobaltsulphatepriortoflowerbuddifferentiation
successfullyreducethefloralmalformation.
Sprayingoftraceelementsolutionofzinc,boron,andcopperbeforebloomandafterfruit
harvestingprovideseffectivetocontrolorminimisetheincidenceofmalformation.
Thereducedfloralmalformationwasobservedwhenascorbicacidwasappliedat200ppmin
thefirstweekofOctober.

27. Sooty Mould disease is common in the mango orchards where sap sucking
insects, like MEALY BUG, SCALE INSECTS and MANGO HOPPERS are not
controlled efficiently
C.O. Meliolamangiferae, a fungus
This disease is recognized by the presence of a black sooty mould on the
upper leaf surface. In severe cases, the leaves turn completely black due
to the presence of mould over the entire surface of twigs and leaves.
Although the fungus is non –pathogenic,
causes no direct damage, but the
photosynthetic activity of the leaf is adversely
affected due to mould formation.
The fungus is responsible for this sooty mould formation. Honey dews
secretions from sap sucking insects stick to the leaf surface and provide
necessary medium for fungal growth
Freshly secreted
“Honeydew” on Mango
leaves
Sooty Mould Disease in Mango

28. Cell sap sucking insects of Mango, responsible for
SOOTY MOULD DISEASE
.
Mango Scale insects Mango Mealy Bug Mango Hopper
Sooty mould on plant foliage

29. Management of Mango Sooty Mould
Spray dilute solution of starch @ 5% on sooty mould affected leaves. The dried starch comes
off in flakes, removing along with it the sooty mould growth from infected leaves.
Control of the insect pest that is causing the fungal growth due to
honey dew secretion is necessary.
APPLICATIONOFANYOFTHEFOLLOWINGINSECTICIDESGIVESAGOODCONTROLOFSUCKINGPESTS
:
Buprofezin25%[email protected]/lofwater,5-15lpertree.
Deltamethrin2.8%[email protected]%(0.33to0.5ml/lit)Asperfieldrequirement.
Dimethoate30%EC@990-1320mlin600-800lofwater/acre.
Imidacloprid17.8%SL@3ml/lofwater,10l/tree.
Lambda-cyhalothrin5%[email protected]/lofwater.
Malathion50%EC@900-1200mlin600-800lofwater/acre.
Monocrotophos36%SL@600-800mlin200-800lofwater/acre.
Oxydemeton–methyl25%EC@600-800mlin600-800lofwater/acre.
Thiamethaxam30FS(0.05%)
Ants often act as carrying agent of sap sucking insects like Mealy bug and Scale insects. So
control of ants by using suitable insecticides gives control of Sooty Mould.

30. Mango Die Back
c.o. Lasiodiplodiatheobromae/ Botryodiplodiatheobromae(fungi)
Mango die back is one of the serious fungal diseases of mango. The disease on the tree
may be noticed at any time of the year but it is most conspicuous during October -
November.
The term 'Die back' implies death of a plant from top down wards.
It is characterized by drying back of twigs from top to downwards, particularly in older
trees, followed by drying of leaves which gives an appearance of fire scorch
The infected plants show abundant gum secretion from branches, stem, and main trunk
Internal browning in wood tissue is observed when it is slit open along with the long axis.
The affected leaf turns brown and its margins roll upwards. Cracks appear on
branches and at this stage, leaf falls and twig / branch dies.

31. Mango Die-back Disease Symptoms
Infected young plant Infected older plant

32. Mango Die-back Disease Symptoms
Exudation of gum
Longitudinal splitting of the stem
Browning of vascular tissues

33. 1.Scionwoodselectedforpropagationthroughgraftingshouldbe
freefrominfection.
2.Pruningofthediseasedtwigs2-3inchesbelowtheaffected
portionandsprayingCopperOxychloride(0.3%)oninfectedtrees
controlsthedisease.Insmallplants,thecutendsofthepruned
twigsarepastedwithCopperOxychloridepaste(0.3%).
3.Inseverecaseofinfestation,theinfectedbranchesareremoved
bytheprocess,asmentionedearlierandthetopsoilunderthe
canopyofthediseasedtreeisremoveduptoadepthof9inches
andrefilledwithcanalsilt,recommendeddosesofN–P–K(in
theformofchemicalfertilizer,andFarmYardManure).Thenthe
plantissprayedwith0.3–0.4%copperoxy-chloridefungicide
thriceat15daysinterval.
4.Innursery,anyinfectedportionshouldimmediatelybepruned,
followedbyspraying/pastingofcopperoxychloride(0.3%)or
pastingwithcowdungatthecutends.
Control of Mango Die Back Disease

34. PhomaBlight of Mango
C.O. Phomaglomerata, a fungi.
It is a fungal disease of Mango, gaining economic importance
The symptoms appears only on old leaves. Initially, the spots are angular, minute, yellow to
light brown coloured with irregular shape, and scattered over leaf lamina. Later, their colour
changes to brown, having dark margins and dull grey necrotic centres. Severe infection results
defoliation.
Phomablight infected leaves
Control
Thediseasecanbekept
undercontrolbysprayof
CopperOxychloride(0.3%)
justaftertheappearanceof
thesymptomsand
subsequentspraysdoneat20
dayintervals.

35. Bacterial Canker of Mango
c.o. Xanthomonascampestrispv. Mangiferaeindicae, a Bacteria.
It is a serious disease of Mango in India. The disease causes fruit drop
(10-70%), yield loss (10-85%) and storage rot (5 -100%).
The disease is found on leaves, petioles, twigs, branches and fruits.
The disease symptoms first appear as minute water soaked irregular lesions on
any part of leaf / leaf lamina, which later turns into irregular necrotic
cankerous patches.
Cankerous lesions also appear on petioles, twigs and young fruits.
Disease spread is rapid during rainy days. Disease development
is favoured by high humidity (90% RH), moderate temperatures
(25 -30
0
C) and high wind velocity.
Water soaked lesions also appears on fruits, which later become dark brown
to black with fruit cracking, accompanied by heavy bacterial exudation.

36. Bacterial Canker of Mango
Symptoms on Mango Leaves

37. Bacterial Canker of Mango
Symptoms on Fruit

38. Management of Bacterial Canker disease:
UseofcleanplantingandgraftingmaterialandUseofcertified
seedlingsisrecommended.
Mangostonesforraisingseedlings(rootstock)shouldalwaysbe
takenfromhealthyfruits.
Twospraysofstreptocycline–tetracyclinemixture(90:10)@
200-300ppmat20-25daysintervalreducefruitinfection.Dipping
thefruitsin200ppmsolutionofplantamyxinisalsoeffective.
[email protected]/Lofwater/Copper
oxy–chloride@5gm/Lofwaterovertheinfectedplantarrests
thespreadingofdisease.
MangoveritieslikeBombaygreen,fazali,Jehangirand
suvarnarekhaareresistant.
Bacterial Canker of Mango

39. Grey Leaf Spot of Mango
C.O. Pestalotiopsismangliferaea fungus,
It is a fungal disease of minor status. Initially the symptoms appears on
leaves, consisting of small brown spots with greyish white centre, which
later turns to bigger spots.
Management
Foliar application of Carbendazim
0.1% after heavy rains followed by
application of wettablesulphur
0.2% before flowering controls
the disease
Disease symptoms on leaf

40. Stem End Rot of Mango
c.o. fungal complex consists of Botryodiploidiatheobromae, Lasiodiplodiatheobromae,
Dothiorelladominicanaand Phomopsismangiferae
This is a post –harvest disease of Mango.
The fruit while ripening suddenly becomes brown to black typically at stem end as the
disease symptoms appears first on pedicel part of the fruit.
The rotting is so fast that the entire fruit rots within 2-3 days.
The disease is observed on ripe fruits only.
Different symptoms of stem end rot on mango

41. Factors favourable for disease development
:
1. Relative humidity above 80%, max. & min.
temperature around 31
0
C & 26
0
C encourage the
disease development, respectively.
2. Rains favour the disease development.
3. Nutritionally deficient plants are heavily affected.
Stem End Rot of Mango
Diseasemanagement
Fruitshouldnotcomeincontactwiththesoilorfallenleavesandtwigsduring
harvesting.
Fruitsshouldbeharvestedwith5-10mmstalk.
Pre-harvestspraysofcarbendazimorthiophanatemethyl(0.1%)orcopper
oxychloride(0.3%),15daysbeforeharvestingreducestheincidenceofstemend
rot.
Post-harvestdipoffruitinhotwatercontainingCarbendazimorThiophanate
methyl(0.05%)for15mat52 ±1°Ccontrolsthediseaseeffectively
.

42. Red Rust of Mango
c.o. An Algae, named Cephaleurosvirescens
ThisalgaldiseaseofmangohasbeenobservedinIndiansub-continent.InBihar,
Karnataka,andU.P,thisdiseaseappearedasanepidemicform.
Thediseaseischaracterizedbyinitialgreencolouredpatches,andwhendisease
advances,theseturnsintoredrustycolouredspotsontheleavesandyoungtwigs.
Reductioninphotosyntheticactivityanddefoliationasaresultofalgalattacklower
vitalityofthehostplantaswellasfruityield.
Initial infestation Fully infected leaf Close up view of algal spot

43. The disease is more common on close plantation.
High RH and moist condition favours development of algal infection.
Red Rust of Mango
Management
ItiscontrolledbysprayingwithBordeauxmixture1.2%orlime-
sulphuronplantfoliage.

44. Giant Mistletoe on Mango
It is a stem parasite, infect mango trees.
It attached with the branches of mango tree
by means of haustoriaand derives nutrient
and water from the host plant.
Mistletoe growing on mango branches
ManagementofMistletoe .
Thebranchesortwigsshowing
theparasitesshouldbecutabout
2.5cmbelowthepointof
attachmentbeforeberry
formation.
Thecutendsshouldbeprotected
withBordeauxpaste/mixture.

45. Pink Disease / Thread Blight of Mango
c.o. Pelliculariasalmonicolor, a fungus.
Pinkishpowderycoatingontwigsandbranchesduetoprofuseconidial
productionbythefungiarethesymptomsofthisdisease.
CuttingofinfectedbranchesandprotectingthecutwoundswithBordeaux
pastecontrolsthePinkDisease.

46. Scab of Mango
c.o. Elsinoemangiferaeand Sphacelomamangiferae, Fungus.
Both the leaves and fruits are affected.
The leaves become crinkled, deformed and ultimately defoliation occurs.
Grey or brownish spots develop on young fruits. As they mature, spots enlarge and skin
become corky leading to spoilage of fruits and reduction of the market value.
APPLICATION OF COPPER FUNGICIDES IS EFFECTIVE TO CONTROL THIS DISEASE.
Symptoms on leaf Symptoms on Fruits

47. Black Banded Disease of Mango
c.o. Rhinocladiumcorticolum, a fungus
Thediseaseappearson
twigsandbranchesof
mango.
Ablack,velvetyfungal
growth,coveringamajor
partofthebark,appearsas
ablackbandonthebranch.
Thesevelvetyspots
graduallyincreaseinsize
andencirclethetrunk,
limbs,branchesandtwigs.
Applicationofcopper–oxy
chlorideiseffectivetoarrest
thespreadofthisdisease.

48. Gummosis of Mango
Gummosis disease of mango is of great economic importance since
the affected trees die within a very short time
c. o. Lasiodiplodiatheobromae, a fungi
The infected plants show abundant gum secretion from branches,
stem, and main trunk. Initially the gum appears as a small droplet.
However, as the disease progresses, it increases and covers most
of the branch and trunk.
Initial symptoms of gummosis Heavy gummosis on a branch

49. Gummosis of Mango
Different Symptoms Of Mango Gummosis
Browning of Vascular TissuesBark splitting and gum oozing out

50. Plants growing under water stress conditions show more severe
symptoms compared to regularly watered plants
Pruning of diseased twigs 2 -3 inches below the affected
portion and paste cut portions with copper oxy chloride ( 0.3%) /
bordeauxpaste.
The diseased bark portion should be removed, cleaned and
treated with copper based fungicide paste. `
Gummosis of Mango
Disease management

51. Mango Bark Cracking
Bark cracking is characterized by the development of deep
longitudinal cracks in the main branches of the tree trunk, but
without much exudation, from these longitudinal cracks.

52. Mango Decline
Severaldifferentdiseasesof
mango,includingblight,canker,
gummosis,twigblight,tipdie-back
andstembleeding,arejointly
causemangodecline.
Inmostcases,thediseasehas
beencharacterizedbyleaf
droopinganddrying;bark
splitting,gumsecretionfrom
branchesandmaintrunk,bud
necrosis,dieback,vascular
discolorationanddeathofthe
wholetree.
Themangodiseasesincidenceis
highduringJune,JulyandAugust
andlowduringcoolmonthsfrom
NovembertoFebruary.Mostofthe
neglectedmangoorchardsare
susceptibletothisdisease.

53. Management of Mango Decline
AlternatehosttreessuchasShishu,gulmohar, etc.,shouldnotbeplantedin
andaroundmangoorchards.
Soilsolarizationbypolyethylenemulchingeffectivelyreducethedisease
incidence.
Painting/pastingtheinfectedtreetrunkswiththeBordeauxmixturetwicea
yearandTwofoliarsprayswithThiophanate-methylfungicide@1gL
-1
or
[email protected]%,[email protected]%at
fortnightlyintervalhelpsinreducingthefungalinfectioninmangoplants.
Thediseasedbranchesshouldbeprunedandthecutportionsarepastedwith
theBordeauxmixture/Bordeauxpaste/Copperoxychloridepaste.
Thebarkbeetles,stemborer/caterpillarborersarethecarriersofthisfungus
forwhichtrunkspraymaybedoneatregularintervalswithlongresidual
insecticdies,likechlorpyriphos,cyfluthrin,alphamethrinetc.
Theorchardwasalsofoundtobefreefromtermiteattackespeciallyafter
plantingturmericasintercropinmango.