MANGROVE ASSESSMENT METHODS IN THE PHILIPPINES.pptx

Mangrove Assessment Methods

1. Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring System MANGROVE ASSESSMENT  Online Lecture Series on Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring System (BAMS) and Biodiversity Monitoring System (BMS) March 24, 2021

2. MANGROVE ASSESSMENT BMB TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 2019-04 Guidelines on the Assessment of Coastal and Marine Ecosystems

3. Outline Mangroves (Definition) Mangrove Ecosystem (Uses, Status and Distribution in the Philippines) Assessment Method Sampling Method (Belt Transect Method) Data Collection (Getting the DBH, TH, MH, crown diameter, and regenerants) Data sheet Data analysis Monitoring Establishment of monitoring plots Frequency of Monitoring

4. MANGROVES Mangroves are intertidal shrubs , palms, ferns and trees found in the tropics and subtropics. They grow at or above mean sea level which is tidally inundated not more that 30% of the time. That is, the middle to upper intertidal zone, and not the lower levels with mudflats and sometimes seagrass beds (Kjerfve, 1990 & Primavera, et. al., 2012) Mangroves are higher plants which: Predominantly grow in the intertidal areas of tropical and subtropical shorelines Exhibit marked tolerance to high salt concentrations and oxygen-poor soil; and Have propagules able to survive dispersal by water

5. MANGROVES ECOSYSTEM Mangrove forest is a unique ecosystem with community of trees occurring in a very defined zonation pattern . Seaward, midward and landward zone Type of pattern was influenced by several factors: Type of substrate Tolerance of the species to salinity and inundation   For instance, a particular zone can be dominated by a single species. Hence, in doing a mangrove survey, it is necessary that all mangroves from sea ward to landward be properly sampled.

6. TYPES OF MANGROVE FORESTS F ringing Riverine Basin-type Modified Mangrove Forests Overwash Scrub type Hammock

7. TYPES OF MANGROVE FORESTS

8. Fringing mangroves Are commonly found along protected shorelines and coastlines.

9. Riverine mangroves Are found along deltas and creeks, where there is a regular influx of freshwater and saltwater.

10. Basin-type mangroves Are located along the interior side of swamps and land depressions, usually in the estuary zone furthest from the sea.

11. Overwash mangroves Are small mangrove islets frequently formed by tidal washings.

12. Scrub-type mangroves Consists of dwarf mangroves that grow along flat coastal fingers.

13. Hammock-type mangroves Similar to the basin-type mangrove, except that they occur in elevated areas.

14. DISTRIBUTION AND ZONATION PATTERN

15. TRIVIA: MANGROVES 35-40 mangrove species (Giesen et al., 2006) 45 species belonging to 19 families (ERDB, 2018) 303,400.86 hectares (DENR-NAMRIA, 2015) 46, 470.77 hectares in NIPAS- MPAs

16. USES OF MANGROVES 1. Coastal Protection 2. Habitat for Wildlife 3. Fisheries Products 4. Forestry Products 5. Carbon Sequestration Service Examples of value (US$/ha/yr) Raw materials and food 484-585 Coastal protection 8,966-10,821 Erosion control 3,679 Maintenance of fisheries 708-987 Carbon sequestration 30-50 TOTAL 14,166-16,142 Source: Barbier et al, 2012 No estimates available for water purification, and tourism, recreation, education and research

17. MANGROVE STATUS YEAR ESTIMATED AREA (ha) SOURCE 1920 450,000 Brown and Fischer 1950 375,020 Aerial Photographs 1972 227,947 LANDSAT 1988 139,100 NFRI 2003 160,265 FMB 2005 289,290 NAMRIA 2010 310,531 FMB (Mangrove National Action Plan [for 1920-2003 data], DENR 2004)

18. MANGROVE STATUS

19. DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT OF MANGROVE FOREST IN THE PHILIPPINES Of the remaining 120 500 ha of Philippine mangroves as of 1994, almost half were found in Western Mindanao and a quarter in the Southern Tagalog region. In addition to these same regions, substantial mangrove forests could still be found in Central Luzon, Western Visayas, Bicol and Eastern Visayas more than 40 years ago. (J.H. Primavera / Ecological Economics 35 (2000) 91–106)

20. ADAPTATION OF MANGROVE FORESTS/ SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS MANGROVE IDENTIFICATION AND MORPHOLOGY

21. IDENTIFICATION OF MANGROVES Zonation pattern Use of Dichotomous Keys (Morphological Characteristics) 1) Form/habit (tree form/shrubs/palms) 2) Leaves (leaf type, leaf arrangement, blade shape, margin, apex, base, color (upper surface and undersurface), texture, size range) 3) Flowers [type of flower, arrangement of flowers, type of inflorescence (cluster), petals (color, number and size) and calyx or sepals] 4) Fruits or propagules (shape, color when mature, texture and size range, viviparous/oviparous) 5) Above ground roots-(prop/stilt, buttress, plank, surface, pneumatophores including specialized peg/cone and knee roots) 6)Special features (bark appearance, etc) Substrate

22. LEAVES Brugiera, Rhizophora and Sonneratia spp . are ultrafiltrators (excess salt stored in old leaves which then fall off) Avicennia spp . are salt secretors (excess salt secreted on leaves and removed by wind or rain) Rhizophora spp. leaves are broad with drip tips to enable water to flow off the leaves quickly

23. ROOT AERATION PENCIL  (Avicennia spp.) PROP/STILT (Rhizophora spp.) KNEE (Bruguiera spp.) BUTTRESSES (Heritiera littoralis) SPREADING ROOTS (Ceriops spp.) CONE (Sonneratia spp., Xylocarpus moluccensis)

24. VIVIPAROUS FRUITS BOUYANT FRUITS THAT ARE DISPERSED BY WATER ( Rhizophora spp. Avicennia spp. Sonneratia spp. ) ELONGATED FRUITS WHICH GERMINATE WHILE ON PARENT TREE ( e.g. Rhizophora spp. )

25. OVIPAROUS FRUITS A Sonerratia alba fruit produced through ovipary

26. LIST AND STATUS OF PHILIPPINE MANGROVE SPECIES

27. SAMPLE FIELD GUIDES Field Guide to Philippine Mangroves by ZSL Mangrove Field Guide Taxonomical identification, classification and phenetic relationships of mangroves form Coringa sanctuary Handbook of mangroves in the Philippines: Panay - ResearchGate

28. TAXONOMIC KEY TO PHILIPPINE MANGROVES Primadera and Dinala 2009

29. LIST OF TRUE MANGROVE SPECIES AND ASSOCIATES

30. LIST OF TRUE MANGROVE SPECIES AND ASSOCIATES

31. LIST OF TRUE MANGROVE SPECIES AND ASSOCIATES

32. LIST OF TRUE MANGROVE SPECIES AND ASSOCIATES

33. LIST OF TRUE MANGROVE SPECIES AND ASSOCIATES

34. LIST OF TRUE MANGROVE SPECIES AND ASSOCIATES

35. LIST OF TRUE MANGROVE SPECIES AND ASSOCIATES

36. LIST OF TRUE MANGROVE SPECIES AND ASSOCIATES

37. LIST OF TRUE MANGROVE SPECIES AND ASSOCIATES

38. LIST OF TRUE MANGROVE SPECIES AND ASSOCIATES

39. LIST OF TRUE MANGROVE SPECIES AND ASSOCIATES

40. LIST OF TRUE MANGROVE SPECIES AND ASSOCIATES

41. LIST OF TRUE MANGROVE SPECIES AND ASSOCIATES

42. ECOLOGY MANGROVE

43. DISTRIBUTION AND ZONATION PATTERN THREE HORIZONTAL ZONES (https://www.slideshare.net/patdesy/mangroves-1732937) COASTAL ZONE nearest to sea, flooded with salt water at high tides trees have tube-like breathing roots (e.g. Avicennia spp. – pencil shape) MIDDLE ZONE trees have prop or stilt roots growing from trunks for anchoring plants firm to muddy soil (e.g. Rhizophora spp.) INLAND ZONE trees have knee-like roots to provide support on soft soil (e.g. Bruguiera spp. that are least salt tolerant)

44. MANGROVE ZONATION

45. MANGROVE ZONATION

46. MANGROVE SUBSTRATE TYPE OF SUBSTRATE COMMON SPECIES PREFERRING THIS SUBSTRATE Mud Characterized as soft sediment composed of a combination of organic and inorganic material. May be shallow as 2-3 centimeters or as deep as a few meters. Has high organic matter and may exhibit sulfuric odors. Soil may be very acidic. Rhizophora mucronata (bakawan babae) Rhizophora apiculata (bakawan lalaki) Brugiera gymnorrhiza (busain) Ceriops tagal (tangal) Rocky or Coralline Hard shelves where small or thin pockets of softer sediment are found. Sometimes characterized by low soil fertility. Not recommended if planting mangroves for wood production. Sonneratia alba (pagatpat) Rhizophora stylosa (bakawan bato) Rhizophora apiculata (bakawan lalaki)

47. TYPE OF SUBSTRATE COMMON SPECIES PREFERRING THIS SUBSTRATE Sandy Consists of very small grains of sediment (often coral), usually less than 5 milimeters in diameter. No organic material, but may overlay mud or muck. It may be as shallow as 2-3 centimeters or as deep as several meters. Sonneratia alba (pagatpat) Rhizophora stylosa (bakawan bato) Rhizophora apiculata (bakawan lalaki) Muck Similar to mud except that it contains a large amount of plant debris. Has higher organic content than mud. Starts deep at more than 10 centimeters and up to a few meters. Characterized by sulfuric odors, soil tend to be acidic. Rhizophora mucronata (bakawan babae) Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (busain) Ceriops tagal (tangal) MANGROVE SUBSTRATE

48. MANGROVE SUBSTRATE Species Common name Type of soil and common location Avicennia marina bungalon/api-api Varied substrates, front liner (usually sea front; can tolerate wide salinity range) Avicennia alba bungalon puti Sandy-muddy substrate, front liner (usually sea front; can tolerate full seawater salinity). Sometimes can be found within the influence (mouth) of rivers Avicennia officinalis api-api Stiff soil on river banks Sonneratia alba pagatpat Loam to sandy substrate, front liner (usually sea front; can tolerate full seawater salinity). Can be found some distance from river banks

49. MANGROVE SUBSTRATE Species Common name Type of soil and common location Rhizophora mucronata bakhaw babae/bakawan babae Deep mud within the influence of rivers and along riverbanks. Prefers brackish water, not found on sea front. Rhizophora stylosa Bakhaw/bakawan bato Sandy substrate, prefers more sheltered sites. Found behind A. marina and S. alba Rhizophora apiculata bakhaw lalaki/bakawan lalaki Sandy to muddy substrate, prefers more sheltered sites such as lagoons or behind A. marina-S. alba zone or along riverbanks.

50. MANGROVE SUBSTRATE Species Common name Type of soil and common location Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Busain Loam or sandy mud Excoecaria agallocha buta-buta Clay, often behind Lumnitzera racemosa Heritiera littoralis dungon-lati Sandy loam, river banks and inland edge of mangrove Lumnitzera racemosa Kulasi Clay Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Nilad Loam or sandy mud on river banks and open spaces Nypa fruticans nipa River banks within the influence of fresh water

51. A-cross-section-showing-the-ecological-distribution-and-dominant-mangrove-species-from Landward to Seaward

52. MANGROVE HYDROLOGY More frequent flooding causes stress and death of mangroves. Looking into target rehabilitation area’s hydrology- or the observable tidal and flooding patterns in a mangrove forest- becomes more imperative. Inundation Class Tidal Regime Elevation (m above MSL) Inundation frequency (times per month) Duration of inundation (min/ day) Duration of inundation (min/ inundation) Vegetation (species) 1 All high tides <0 56-62 >800 >400 None 2 Medium high tides 0.9 45-59 400-800 200-400 Avicennia, Sonneratia 3 Normal high tides 0.9-1.5 20-45 100-400 100-200 Rhizophora Ceriops Bruguiera 4 Spring high tides 1.5-2.1 2-20 10-100 50-100 Lumnitzera Bruguiera Acrosticum aureum 5 Equinoctial high tides >2.1 <2 <10 <50 Ceriops, Phoenix paludosa

53. METHOD ASSESSMENT

54. EQUIPMENT 100m transect tape GPS Camera Data sheets Pencils Field guides Diameter tape Meter tape Haga altimeter Graduated Pole

55. TAÑON STRAIT PROTECTED SEASCAPE MANGROVE SAMPLING SITES SITE IDENTIFICATION

56. Method: Web Mapping Tool/Platform: Google Earth Pro 1. This is done by Image/Visual Interpretation (recognition of the objects with previous knowledge and experience) 2. Pre-mapping: overlaying the NIPAS- MPA boundary thru Import function and digitize the estimated area of the mangroves. 3. File Naming and Saving the digitized boundary to kml/kmz and then import to the GIS System then convert data into .shp. 4. Add column on the Attribute table: Latitude, Longitude and Area for sampling sites.

57. METHODOLOGY (BELT TRANSECT)

58. SURVEY METHOD Identify the high water mark before sampling. *The length will depend on the extent of the mangrove forest in the selected site. Lay a baseline transect parallel to the shore, following the contour of shoreline.

59. SURVEY METHOD On the other hand, the length of the baseline may also vary depending on the extent of the mangrove area. The expanse of the survey area should also consider available resources and manpower.

60. SURVEY METHOD Establish transect lines perpendicular to the baseline transect at every 100-m interval. seaward to landward The length may vary depending on the extent of the mangrove forest, but should be extended on the most land ward zone.

61. 100-m 100-m 100-m WATER LAND TRANSECT 3 TRANSECT 2 TRANSECT 1 100-m 10m 10m 2m 2m METHODOLOGY (BELT TRANSECT) BASELINE 10m 10m

62. SURVEY METHOD Establish a 10 x 10-m quadrat alternately along the transect lines. *25- 50 m for patches 100- m for contiguous forest Inside the 10 x 10- m quadrat, all trees with a diameter of ≥5 cm shall be identified and measure the following: Diameter at breast height (cm) Total height (m) Merchantable height (m) Crown diameter (m)

63. 10m 10m Trees with ≥ 5cm DBH

64. SURVEY METHOD Noted the observed disturbance/s per quadrat such as: Inside the 2 x 2-m plot, identify and count: Seedlings - up to 1-m height and trunk size less than 4cm Sapling - greater than 1-m height and a trunk size of 4cm in diameter Other associated flora (shrubs, vines, herbs, and ferns) Cutting, Other land use conversion, Reclamation Tree disturbances such as debarking

65. 2m 2m 10m 10m Trees with ≥ 5cm DBH Trees with <5cm DBH + Non- trees (Count)

66. SURVEY METHOD Record the species of fauna observed: Avifauna, Mammals, Arthropods, Herpetofauna, and Invertebrate species On the actual conduct of faunal assessment, adopt the: Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring System for Terrestrial Ecosystems BMB Technical Bulletin No. 2019- 06

67. 2m 2m 10m 10m Trees with ≥ 5cm DBH Trees with <5cm DBH + Non- trees (Count)

68. COLLECTION DATA

69. MEASURING DBH

70. MEASURING HEIGHT

71. MEASURING CROWN WIDTH

72. RECORDING DATA

73. MANGROVE ASSESSMENT DATA SHEET

74. MANGROVE ASSESSMENT DATA SHEET

75. ANALYSIS DATA

76. Density = Number of individuals Area sampled Area Sampled: 800 sq. m Density = 7 individuals 800 sq.m Density of Saging- saging = 0.00875

77. Density = Number of individuals Area sampled Area Sampled: 800 sq. m Density = 7 individuals 800 sq.m Density of Saging- saging = 0.00875

78. Density = Number of individuals Area sampled Area Sampled: 800 sq. m Density = 7 individuals 800 sq.m Density of Saging- saging = 0.00875

79. Relative Density = Density for a species   x 100       Total density for all species Species Scientific Name Family Name n Den R Den total no. of species no. of individual species / area sampled (no. of individual species / sum of the densities of all species sampled) x 100 (%) Saging- saging Aegeciras corniculatum Myrsinaceae 7 0.00875 8.1395349 Tinduk- tindukan Aegeciras floridum Myrsinaceae 2 0.0025 2.3255814 Piapi Avicennia marina Avicenniaceae 5 0.00625 5.8139535 Api- api Avicennia officinalis Avicenniaceae 29 0.03625 33.72093 Pototan- Lalake Bruguiera cylindrica Rhizophoraceae 3 0.00375 3.4883721 Busain Bruguiera gymnorhiza Rhizophoraceae 7 0.00875 8.1395349 Langarai Bruguiera paviflora Rhizophoraceae 1 0.00125 1.1627907 Tangal Ceriops tagal Rhizophoraceae 2 0.0025 2.3255814 Tui Dolichandrone spathacea Bignoniaceae 1 0.00125 1.1627907 Bangkoro Morinda citrifolia Rubiaceae 1 0.00125 1.1627907 Taualis Osbornia octodonta Myrtaceae 1 0.00125 1.1627907 Bani Pongamia pinnata Fabaceae 1 0.00125 1.1627907 Bakauan Lalake Rhizophora apiculata Rhizophoraceae 17 0.02125 19.767442 Bakauan Babae Rhizophora mucronata Rhizophoraceae 4 0.005 4.6511628 Pagatpat Sonneratia alba Lythraceae 4 0.005 4.6511628 Tabigi Xylocarpus granatum Meliaceae 1 0.00125 1.1627907 TOTAL 86 0.1075 100

80. Relative Density = Density for a species   x 100       Total density for all species Species Scientific Name Family Name n Den R Den total no. of species no. of individual species / area sampled (no. of individual species / sum of the densities of all species sampled) x 100 (%) Saging- saging Aegeciras corniculatum Myrsinaceae 7 0.00875 8.1395349 Tinduk- tindukan Aegeciras floridum Myrsinaceae 2 0.0025 2.3255814 Piapi Avicennia marina Avicenniaceae 5 0.00625 5.8139535 Api- api Avicennia officinalis Avicenniaceae 29 0.03625 33.72093 Pototan- Lalake Bruguiera cylindrica Rhizophoraceae 3 0.00375 3.4883721 Busain Bruguiera gymnorhiza Rhizophoraceae 7 0.00875 8.1395349 Langarai Bruguiera paviflora Rhizophoraceae 1 0.00125 1.1627907 Tangal Ceriops tagal Rhizophoraceae 2 0.0025 2.3255814 Tui Dolichandrone spathacea Bignoniaceae 1 0.00125 1.1627907 Bangkoro Morinda citrifolia Rubiaceae 1 0.00125 1.1627907 Taualis Osbornia octodonta Myrtaceae 1 0.00125 1.1627907 Bani Pongamia pinnata Fabaceae 1 0.00125 1.1627907 Bakauan Lalake Rhizophora apiculata Rhizophoraceae 17 0.02125 19.767442 Bakauan Babae Rhizophora mucronata Rhizophoraceae 4 0.005 4.6511628 Pagatpat Sonneratia alba Lythraceae 4 0.005 4.6511628 Tabigi Xylocarpus granatum Meliaceae 1 0.00125 1.1627907 TOTAL 86 0.1075 100

81. Relative Density = Density for a species   x 100       Total density for all species Species Scientific Name Family Name n Den R Den total no. of species no. of individual species / area sampled (no. of individual species / sum of the densities of all species sampled) x 100 (%) Saging- saging Aegeciras corniculatum Myrsinaceae 7 0.00875 8.1395349 Tinduk- tindukan Aegeciras floridum Myrsinaceae 2 0.0025 2.3255814 Piapi Avicennia marina Avicenniaceae 5 0.00625 5.8139535 Api- api Avicennia officinalis Avicenniaceae 29 0.03625 33.72093 Pototan- Lalake Bruguiera cylindrica Rhizophoraceae 3 0.00375 3.4883721 Busain Bruguiera gymnorhiza Rhizophoraceae 7 0.00875 8.1395349 Langarai Bruguiera paviflora Rhizophoraceae 1 0.00125 1.1627907 Tangal Ceriops tagal Rhizophoraceae 2 0.0025 2.3255814 Tui Dolichandrone spathacea Bignoniaceae 1 0.00125 1.1627907 Bangkoro Morinda citrifolia Rubiaceae 1 0.00125 1.1627907 Taualis Osbornia octodonta Myrtaceae 1 0.00125 1.1627907 Bani Pongamia pinnata Fabaceae 1 0.00125 1.1627907 Bakauan Lalake Rhizophora apiculata Rhizophoraceae 17 0.02125 19.767442 Bakauan Babae Rhizophora mucronata Rhizophoraceae 4 0.005 4.6511628 Pagatpat Sonneratia alba Lythraceae 4 0.005 4.6511628 Tabigi Xylocarpus granatum Meliaceae 1 0.00125 1.1627907 TOTAL 86 0.1075 100

82. Frequency = Number of plots where species occur Total number of plots samples Frequency = 2 plots 6 plots Frequency of Saging- saging= 0. 33 Total Number of Segments: 6 plots

83. Relative Frequency = Species frequency value  x 100 Total Frequency for all species Relative Frequency = 0.33 6 Relative Frequency of Saging- saging= 5.56

84. Species Scientific Name no. of segments occurred Frequency Rf No. of quadrats spp found Total no. of segments in which Species A occurs /Total no. of segments sampled (f value of Species A occurs / Total f value of Species A) x 100 (%) Saging- saging Aegeciras corniculatum 2 0.333333333 5.555555556 Tinduk- tindukan Aegeciras floridum 2 0.333333333 5.555555556 Piapi Avicennia marina 2 0.333333333 5.555555556 Api- api Avicennia officinalis 5 0.833333333 13.88888889 Pototan- Lalake Bruguiera cylindrica 2 0.333333333 5.555555556 Busain Bruguiera gymnorhiza 5 0.833333333 13.88888889 Langarai Bruguiera paviflora 1 0.166666667 2.777777778 Tangal Ceriops tagal 1 0.166666667 2.777777778 Tui Dolichandrone spathacea 1 0.166666667 2.777777778 Bangkoro Morinda citrifolia 1 0.166666667 2.777777778 Taualis Osbornia octodonta 1 0.166666667 2.777777778 Bani Pongamia pinnata 1 0.166666667 2.777777778 Bakauan Lalake Rhizophora apiculata 5 0.833333333 13.88888889 Bakauan Babae Rhizophora mucronata 3 0.5 8.333333333 Pagatpat Sonneratia alba 3 0.5 8.333333333 Tabigi Xylocarpus granatum 1 0.166666667 2.777777778 TOTAL 6 6.0 100

85. Species Scientific Name no. of segments occurred Frequency Rf No. of quadrats spp found Total no. of segments in which Species A occurs /Total no. of segments sampled (f value of Species A occurs / Total f value of Species A) x 100 (%) Saging- saging Aegeciras corniculatum 2 0.333333333 5.555555556 Tinduk- tindukan Aegeciras floridum 2 0.333333333 5.555555556 Piapi Avicennia marina 2 0.333333333 5.555555556 Api- api Avicennia officinalis 5 0.833333333 13.88888889 Pototan- Lalake Bruguiera cylindrica 2 0.333333333 5.555555556 Busain Bruguiera gymnorhiza 5 0.833333333 13.88888889 Langarai Bruguiera paviflora 1 0.166666667 2.777777778 Tangal Ceriops tagal 1 0.166666667 2.777777778 Tui Dolichandrone spathacea 1 0.166666667 2.777777778 Bangkoro Morinda citrifolia 1 0.166666667 2.777777778 Taualis Osbornia octodonta 1 0.166666667 2.777777778 Bani Pongamia pinnata 1 0.166666667 2.777777778 Bakauan Lalake Rhizophora apiculata 5 0.833333333 13.88888889 Bakauan Babae Rhizophora mucronata 3 0.5 8.333333333 Pagatpat Sonneratia alba 3 0.5 8.333333333 Tabigi Xylocarpus granatum 1 0.166666667 2.777777778 TOTAL 6 6.0 100

86. Species Scientific Name no. of segments occurred Frequency Rf No. of quadrats spp found Total no. of segments in which Species A occurs /Total no. of segments sampled (f value of Species A occurs / Total f value of Species A) x 100 (%) Saging- saging Aegeciras corniculatum 2 0.333333333 5.555555556 Tinduk- tindukan Aegeciras floridum 2 0.333333333 5.555555556 Piapi Avicennia marina 2 0.333333333 5.555555556 Api- api Avicennia officinalis 5 0.833333333 13.88888889 Pototan- Lalake Bruguiera cylindrica 2 0.333333333 5.555555556 Busain Bruguiera gymnorhiza 5 0.833333333 13.88888889 Langarai Bruguiera paviflora 1 0.166666667 2.777777778 Tangal Ceriops tagal 1 0.166666667 2.777777778 Tui Dolichandrone spathacea 1 0.166666667 2.777777778 Bangkoro Morinda citrifolia 1 0.166666667 2.777777778 Taualis Osbornia octodonta 1 0.166666667 2.777777778 Bani Pongamia pinnata 1 0.166666667 2.777777778 Bakauan Lalake Rhizophora apiculata 5 0.833333333 13.88888889 Bakauan Babae Rhizophora mucronata 3 0.5 8.333333333 Pagatpat Sonneratia alba 3 0.5 8.333333333 Tabigi Xylocarpus granatum 1 0.166666667 2.777777778 TOTAL 6 6.0 100

87. Dominance = Basal area or volume for a species Area sampled Basal area = 0.7854 x (dbh)m² Dominance= 0.09102786 m³ 800 m² Dominance of Saging- saging= 0.00011378

88. Relative Dominance = Species dominance x 100 Total dominance for all species Relative Dominance = 0.00011378 0.00310351 Relative Dominance of Saging- saging= 3.67

89. Species Scientific Name Family Name BA Dom R Dom Total BA of individual species (m²) Total BA of individual species /area sampled (Total Basal Area (BA) of Species A / total Dom of all species) x 100 (%) Saging- saging Aegeciras corniculatum Myrsinaceae 0.09102786 0.00011378 3.67 Tinduk- tindukan Aegeciras floridum Myrsinaceae 0.0255255 3.1907E-05 1.03 Piapi Avicennia marina Avicenniaceae 0.12896268 0.0001612 5.19 Api- api Avicennia officinalis Avicenniaceae 1.19317968 0.00149147 48.06 Pototan- Lalake Bruguiera cylindrica Rhizophoraceae 0.043197 5.3996E-05 1.74 Busain Bruguiera gymnorhiza Rhizophoraceae 0.08498028 0.00010623 3.42 Langarai Bruguiera paviflora Rhizophoraceae 0.0176715 2.2089E-05 0.71 Tangal Ceriops tagal Rhizophoraceae 0.015708 1.9635E-05 0.63 Tui Dolichandrone spathacea Bignoniaceae 0.01327326 1.6592E-05 0.53 Bangkoro Morinda citrifolia Rubiaceae 0.01130976 1.4137E-05 0.46 Taualis Osbornia octodonta Myrtaceae 0.007854 9.8175E-06 0.32 Bani Pongamia pinnata Fabaceae 0.01130976 1.4137E-05 0.46 Bakauan Lalake Rhizophora apiculata Rhizophoraceae 0.5800179 0.00072502 23.36 Bakauan Babae Rhizophora mucronata Rhizophoraceae 0.12346488 0.00015433 4.97 Pagatpat Sonneratia alba Lythraceae 0.10987746 0.00013735 4.43 Tabigi Xylocarpus granatum Meliaceae 0.02544696 3.1809E-05 1.02 TOTAL 2.48280648 0.00310351 100.00

90. Species Scientific Name Family Name BA Dom R Dom Total BA of individual species (m²) Total BA of individual species /area sampled (Total Basal Area (BA) of Species A / total Dom of all species) x 100 (%) Saging- saging Aegeciras corniculatum Myrsinaceae 0.09102786 0.00011378 3.67 Tinduk- tindukan Aegeciras floridum Myrsinaceae 0.0255255 3.1907E-05 1.03 Piapi Avicennia marina Avicenniaceae 0.12896268 0.0001612 5.19 Api- api Avicennia officinalis Avicenniaceae 1.19317968 0.00149147 48.06 Pototan- Lalake Bruguiera cylindrica Rhizophoraceae 0.043197 5.3996E-05 1.74 Busain Bruguiera gymnorhiza Rhizophoraceae 0.08498028 0.00010623 3.42 Langarai Bruguiera paviflora Rhizophoraceae 0.0176715 2.2089E-05 0.71 Tangal Ceriops tagal Rhizophoraceae 0.015708 1.9635E-05 0.63 Tui Dolichandrone spathacea Bignoniaceae 0.01327326 1.6592E-05 0.53 Bangkoro Morinda citrifolia Rubiaceae 0.01130976 1.4137E-05 0.46 Taualis Osbornia octodonta Myrtaceae 0.007854 9.8175E-06 0.32 Bani Pongamia pinnata Fabaceae 0.01130976 1.4137E-05 0.46 Bakauan Lalake Rhizophora apiculata Rhizophoraceae 0.5800179 0.00072502 23.36 Bakauan Babae Rhizophora mucronata Rhizophoraceae 0.12346488 0.00015433 4.97 Pagatpat Sonneratia alba Lythraceae 0.10987746 0.00013735 4.43 Tabigi Xylocarpus granatum Meliaceae 0.02544696 3.1809E-05 1.02 TOTAL 2.48280648 0.00310351 100.00

91. Species Scientific Name Family Name BA Dom R Dom Total BA of individual species (m²) Total BA of individual species /area sampled (Total Basal Area (BA) of Species A / total Dom of all species) x 100 (%) Saging- saging Aegeciras corniculatum Myrsinaceae 0.09102786 0.00011378 3.67 Tinduk- tindukan Aegeciras floridum Myrsinaceae 0.0255255 3.1907E-05 1.03 Piapi Avicennia marina Avicenniaceae 0.12896268 0.0001612 5.19 Api- api Avicennia officinalis Avicenniaceae 1.19317968 0.00149147 48.06 Pototan- Lalake Bruguiera cylindrica Rhizophoraceae 0.043197 5.3996E-05 1.74 Busain Bruguiera gymnorhiza Rhizophoraceae 0.08498028 0.00010623 3.42 Langarai Bruguiera paviflora Rhizophoraceae 0.0176715 2.2089E-05 0.71 Tangal Ceriops tagal Rhizophoraceae 0.015708 1.9635E-05 0.63 Tui Dolichandrone spathacea Bignoniaceae 0.01327326 1.6592E-05 0.53 Bangkoro Morinda citrifolia Rubiaceae 0.01130976 1.4137E-05 0.46 Taualis Osbornia octodonta Myrtaceae 0.007854 9.8175E-06 0.32 Bani Pongamia pinnata Fabaceae 0.01130976 1.4137E-05 0.46 Bakauan Lalake Rhizophora apiculata Rhizophoraceae 0.5800179 0.00072502 23.36 Bakauan Babae Rhizophora mucronata Rhizophoraceae 0.12346488 0.00015433 4.97 Pagatpat Sonneratia alba Lythraceae 0.10987746 0.00013735 4.43 Tabigi Xylocarpus granatum Meliaceae 0.02544696 3.1809E-05 1.02 TOTAL 2.48280648 0.00310351 100.00

92. Importance Value = Relative Density + Relative Frequency + Relative Dominance Importance Value = 8.1395349 + 5.555555556 + 3.67 Importance Value of Saging- saging = 17.36141968 *Kindly take note that the total Importance Value (IV) should be equal to 300

93. Species Scientific Name R Den Rf R Dom IV (no. of individual species / sum of the densities of all species sampled) x 100 (%) (f value of Species A occurs / Total f value of Species A) x 100 (%) (Total Basal Area (BA) of Species A / total Dom of all species) x 100 (%) Rf + RDen + Rdom (%) Saging- saging Aegeciras corniculatum 8.1395349 5.555555556 3.67 17.36141968 Tinduk- tindukan Aegeciras floridum 2.3255814 5.555555556 1.03 8.909227549 Piapi Avicennia marina 5.8139535 5.555555556 5.19 16.56373908 Api- api Avicennia officinalis 33.72093 13.88888889 48.06 95.66751873 Pototan- Lalake Bruguiera cylindrica 3.4883721 5.555555556 1.74 10.78377328 Busain Bruguiera gymnorhiza 8.1395349 13.88888889 3.42 25.45117463 Langarai Bruguiera paviflora 1.1627907 2.777777778 0.71 4.652323505 Tangal Ceriops tagal 2.3255814 2.777777778 0.63 5.736030311 Tui Dolichandrone spathacea 1.1627907 2.777777778 0.53 4.475175587 Bangkoro Morinda citrifolia 1.1627907 2.777777778 0.46 4.396091694 Taualis Osbornia octodonta 1.1627907 2.777777778 0.32 4.256904044 Bani Pongamia pinnata 1.1627907 2.777777778 0.46 4.396091694 Bakauan Lalake Rhizophora apiculata 19.767442 13.88888889 23.36 57.0177125 Bakauan Babae Rhizophora mucronata 4.6511628 8.333333333 4.97 17.95729127 Pagatpat Sonneratia alba 4.6511628 8.333333333 4.43 17.41003073 Tabigi Xylocarpus granatum 1.1627907 2.777777778 1.02 4.965495718 TOTAL 100 100 100.00 300

94. Species Scientific Name R Den Rf R Dom IV (no. of individual species / sum of the densities of all species sampled) x 100 (%) (f value of Species A occurs / Total f value of Species A) x 100 (%) (Total Basal Area (BA) of Species A / total Dom of all species) x 100 (%) Rf + RDen + Rdom (%) Saging- saging Aegeciras corniculatum 8.1395349 5.555555556 3.67 17.36141968 Tinduk- tindukan Aegeciras floridum 2.3255814 5.555555556 1.03 8.909227549 Piapi Avicennia marina 5.8139535 5.555555556 5.19 16.56373908 Api- api Avicennia officinalis 33.72093 13.88888889 48.06 95.66751873 Pototan- Lalake Bruguiera cylindrica 3.4883721 5.555555556 1.74 10.78377328 Busain Bruguiera gymnorhiza 8.1395349 13.88888889 3.42 25.45117463 Langarai Bruguiera paviflora 1.1627907 2.777777778 0.71 4.652323505 Tangal Ceriops tagal 2.3255814 2.777777778 0.63 5.736030311 Tui Dolichandrone spathacea 1.1627907 2.777777778 0.53 4.475175587 Bangkoro Morinda citrifolia 1.1627907 2.777777778 0.46 4.396091694 Taualis Osbornia octodonta 1.1627907 2.777777778 0.32 4.256904044 Bani Pongamia pinnata 1.1627907 2.777777778 0.46 4.396091694 Bakauan Lalake Rhizophora apiculata 19.767442 13.88888889 23.36 57.0177125 Bakauan Babae Rhizophora mucronata 4.6511628 8.333333333 4.97 17.95729127 Pagatpat Sonneratia alba 4.6511628 8.333333333 4.43 17.41003073 Tabigi Xylocarpus granatum 1.1627907 2.777777778 1.02 4.965495718 TOTAL 100 100 100.00 300

95. Species Scientific Name R Den Rf R Dom IV (no. of individual species / sum of the densities of all species sampled) x 100 (%) (f value of Species A occurs / Total f value of Species A) x 100 (%) (Total Basal Area (BA) of Species A / total Dom of all species) x 100 (%) Rf + RDen + Rdom (%) Saging- saging Aegeciras corniculatum 8.1395349 5.555555556 3.67 17.36141968 Tinduk- tindukan Aegeciras floridum 2.3255814 5.555555556 1.03 8.909227549 Piapi Avicennia marina 5.8139535 5.555555556 5.19 16.56373908 Api- api Avicennia officinalis 33.72093 13.88888889 48.06 95.66751873 Pototan- Lalake Bruguiera cylindrica 3.4883721 5.555555556 1.74 10.78377328 Busain Bruguiera gymnorhiza 8.1395349 13.88888889 3.42 25.45117463 Langarai Bruguiera paviflora 1.1627907 2.777777778 0.71 4.652323505 Tangal Ceriops tagal 2.3255814 2.777777778 0.63 5.736030311 Tui Dolichandrone spathacea 1.1627907 2.777777778 0.53 4.475175587 Bangkoro Morinda citrifolia 1.1627907 2.777777778 0.46 4.396091694 Taualis Osbornia octodonta 1.1627907 2.777777778 0.32 4.256904044 Bani Pongamia pinnata 1.1627907 2.777777778 0.46 4.396091694 Bakauan Lalake Rhizophora apiculata 19.767442 13.88888889 23.36 57.0177125 Bakauan Babae Rhizophora mucronata 4.6511628 8.333333333 4.97 17.95729127 Pagatpat Sonneratia alba 4.6511628 8.333333333 4.43 17.41003073 Tabigi Xylocarpus granatum 1.1627907 2.777777778 1.02 4.965495718 TOTAL 100 100 100.00 300

96. Species Scientific Name R Den Rf R Dom IV (no. of individual species / sum of the densities of all species sampled) x 100 (%) (f value of Species A occurs / Total f value of Species A) x 100 (%) (Total Basal Area (BA) of Species A / total Dom of all species) x 100 (%) Rf + RDen + Rdom (%) Saging- saging Aegeciras corniculatum 8.1395349 5.555555556 3.67 17.36141968 Tinduk- tindukan Aegeciras floridum 2.3255814 5.555555556 1.03 8.909227549 Piapi Avicennia marina 5.8139535 5.555555556 5.19 16.56373908 Api- api Avicennia officinalis 33.72093 13.88888889 48.06 95.66751873 Pototan- Lalake Bruguiera cylindrica 3.4883721 5.555555556 1.74 10.78377328 Busain Bruguiera gymnorhiza 8.1395349 13.88888889 3.42 25.45117463 Langarai Bruguiera paviflora 1.1627907 2.777777778 0.71 4.652323505 Tangal Ceriops tagal 2.3255814 2.777777778 0.63 5.736030311 Tui Dolichandrone spathacea 1.1627907 2.777777778 0.53 4.475175587 Bangkoro Morinda citrifolia 1.1627907 2.777777778 0.46 4.396091694 Taualis Osbornia octodonta 1.1627907 2.777777778 0.32 4.256904044 Bani Pongamia pinnata 1.1627907 2.777777778 0.46 4.396091694 Bakauan Lalake Rhizophora apiculata 19.767442 13.88888889 23.36 57.0177125 Bakauan Babae Rhizophora mucronata 4.6511628 8.333333333 4.97 17.95729127 Pagatpat Sonneratia alba 4.6511628 8.333333333 4.43 17.41003073 Tabigi Xylocarpus granatum 1.1627907 2.777777778 1.02 4.965495718 TOTAL 100 100 100.00 300

97. Species Scientific Name R Den Rf R Dom IV (no. of individual species / sum of the densities of all species sampled) x 100 (%) (f value of Species A occurs / Total f value of Species A) x 100 (%) (Total Basal Area (BA) of Species A / total Dom of all species) x 100 (%) Rf + RDen + Rdom (%) Saging- saging Aegeciras corniculatum 8.1395349 5.555555556 3.67 17.36141968 Tinduk- tindukan Aegeciras floridum 2.3255814 5.555555556 1.03 8.909227549 Piapi Avicennia marina 5.8139535 5.555555556 5.19 16.56373908 Api- api Avicennia officinalis 33.72093 13.88888889 48.06 95.66751873 Pototan- Lalake Bruguiera cylindrica 3.4883721 5.555555556 1.74 10.78377328 Busain Bruguiera gymnorhiza 8.1395349 13.88888889 3.42 25.45117463 Langarai Bruguiera paviflora 1.1627907 2.777777778 0.71 4.652323505 Tangal Ceriops tagal 2.3255814 2.777777778 0.63 5.736030311 Tui Dolichandrone spathacea 1.1627907 2.777777778 0.53 4.475175587 Bangkoro Morinda citrifolia 1.1627907 2.777777778 0.46 4.396091694 Taualis Osbornia octodonta 1.1627907 2.777777778 0.32 4.256904044 Bani Pongamia pinnata 1.1627907 2.777777778 0.46 4.396091694 Bakauan Lalake Rhizophora apiculata 19.767442 13.88888889 23.36 57.0177125 Bakauan Babae Rhizophora mucronata 4.6511628 8.333333333 4.97 17.95729127 Pagatpat Sonneratia alba 4.6511628 8.333333333 4.43 17.41003073 Tabigi Xylocarpus granatum 1.1627907 2.777777778 1.02 4.965495718 TOTAL 100 100 100.00 300

98. DIVERSITY INDICES Generate diversity indices (Shannon, Simpson’s and Evenness index) using biodiversity software (such as MVSP, BioPro, Diversity, etc.) with the data on the number of species and abundance for each sampling quadrat.

99. DIVERSITY INDICES