Manual Film Processing.pptx

Manual film processing used for the formation of image on the x ray film.

1. MANUAL FILM PROCESSING Anushka Mishra M.Sc. Radiology

2. INTRODUCTION Radiographic film processing refers to a series of steps to convert the latent image on a film into a visible image.

3. INTRODUCTION Film processing involves a series of organized procedures namely Development. Rinsing. Fixing. Washing. Drying.

4. DEVELOPMENT Development is a chemical process that produces visible image from the latent image. The solution used for this purpose is called developer. The developer converts the exposed silver ion into metallic silver, by reduction process (Ag+ + e– = Ag). The developer provides the electrons to the sensitivity center.

5. Developing solution contains Developing agent Activator Restrainer Preservative Hardener Sequestering solvent

6. Hydroquinone, phenidone or metol are used as developing agents Hydroquinone slow acting and is responsible for the black shades. Phenidone acts rapidly and produce light gray .

7. Activator Sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide serve as an activator, which swell gelatin, produce alkalinity and control the pH.

8. Restrainer Potassium bromide is used as restrainer, which is a antifogging agent. It decreases the fog, by protecting the unexposed crystals.

9. Preservative Sodium sulfite is used as preservative. The preservative control the oxidation of the developing agent, by air and other components.

10. Hardener Glutaraldehyde acts as hardener, to control emulsion swelling and softening.

11. Sequestering Chelates is used as sequestering agent, which remove impurities (aluminum ions) and soluble salts.

12. Rinsing When the X-ray film is removed from the developer, rinsing also partially stops the reaction of the developer and neutralizes the alkalinity of the residual developer.

13. FIXING Fixing is the process of making the image permanent without loss. The solution that does the job is called fixer. It removes the unexposed silver halides without damaging the image, hardens the gelatin emulsion and stops residual development.

14. Fixing solution consist Activator Fixing agent Preservative Buffer Sequestering solvent

15. Acetic acid is used as activator, which neutralizes the developer and stops its action. Sodium thiosulfate or ammonium thiosulfate salts (Hypo) are used as fixing agents.

16. Hardener and Preservative Potassium alum is used as hardener which protects it from physical damages. Sodium sulfide is used as preservative which maintains the chemical balance.

17. Buffer Acetate is used as buffer, which keep the pH of the fixer constant.

18. Sequestering solvent Boric acid and boric salts are used as sequestering agent, which removes metallic ions, such as aluminum impurities.

19. WASHING The film must be washed with water, to remove fixing bath chemicals, otherwise, it will change the black silver to brown silver sulfide.

20. DRYING The final step in processing is to dry the radiograph. The film may be dried in dust free open air area. Hot air drying cabinets are also useful for drying, which is equipped with a fan and heating element to flow hot air.

21. ANY QUERIES…?