MARCH 2023 NEW CURRICUtryttrtyrtLUM TOPICS.pdf

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1. LET TOPICS
MARCH 2023 REVIEW

2. Freud
Erikson
Piaget
Kohlberg
Vygotsky
Bronfenbrener
•3 Components of
Personality
•5 Psychosexual
Stages
•8 Psychosocial
Stages
•4 Stages of
Cognitive
Development
•3 Levels and 6
Substages of
Moral
Development
•Socio-Cultural
Theory
•Bio-ecological
Systems
Learner’s Developmental Theories

3. Freud’s Components of Personality
Id
•Pleasureprinciple
•immediategratification
•sexualurges(libido)
•aggressiveurges(Thanatos)
Ego
•Realitycentered
•delaygratificationtillappropriate
•Decision-makerpersonality
Superego
•Senseofmorality
•Tellsusthethingsweshouldand
shouldn’tdo,orthedutiesand
obligationsofsociety.

4. Id
Ego
Superego
“I want that right now.” “You can’t have it. It’s
not right”
“Let’s figure out a way
to work together.”

5. Defense Mechanisms
1. Displacement
Diverting threatening impulses away toward a
more acceptable source.
2. Projection
Attributing threatening impulse to others
3. Rationalization
Self-justifying explanations for negative behaviors

6. Defense Mechanisms
4. Reaction formation
Making behaviors appear as their exact opposite.
5. Regression
Retreating to an earlier (childlike) development
6. Repression (denial)
Pushing anxiety-arousing thoughts into the subconscious.

7. Defense Mechanisms
7. Sublimation
Channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive
desires into acceptable activities.
8. Undoing
Make negative behavior un-happen
9. Compensation
Overachieve in one area to compensate for
failures in another

8. FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
▪Anindividualgoesthroughlifestageswhereneeds
aretobemet.
StagesofPsychosexualDevelopment:
1.OralStage
▪SigmundFreud
2.AnalStage
3.PhallicStage
4.LatencyStage
5.GenitalStage
OAPhaLaGe

9. 1.OralStage
▪Pleasurearea:mouth
OralFixations:
▪Birthto18months
▪Oralreceptive
▪Oralaggressive
oTendencytosmoke,drinkalcohol,overeat,andetc.
oTendencytobitenails,curse,gossip,andetc.
StagesofPsychosexualDevelopment:
FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

10. 2.AnalStage
▪Pleasurearea:anus
AnalFixations:
▪18monthsto3years
▪Analretentive
▪Analexpulsive
oObsessionwithcleanliness,perfection,andcontrol
oMessyanddisorganized
StagesofPsychosexualDevelopment:
FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

11. 3.PhallicStage
▪Pleasurearea:genitals
Sexualdesires:
▪3-6years
▪OedipusComplex
▪ElectraComplex
oBoysseetheirfatherasrivalfortheirmother’saffection
oGirlsseetheirmotherasrivalfortheirfather’saffection
StagesofPsychosexualDevelopment:
FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

12. 4.LatencyStage
▪Pleasurearea:none
▪6topuberty
▪Thechildren’sfocusisonplayandstudies
▪Boysrelatewithboysandgirlsrelatewithgirls
StagesofPsychosexualDevelopment:
FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

13. 5.GenitalStage
▪Pleasurearea:genitals
▪Pubertyonwards
▪Adolescentsfocustheirsexualurgestowardstheopposite
sex
StagesofPsychosexualDevelopment:
FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

14. ERIK ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY
▪Eightdistinctstages,eachinvolvingpsychologicalcrisis.
KeyTerms:
EpigeneticPrinciple
Predeterminedunfolding/
Likeunfoldingofarosebud
PsychologicalCrisisTwoopposingemotionalforces
SyntonicPositiveDystonicNegative
Malignancy
Maladaptation
Toolittleofthe+,toomuchofthe-
Toolittleofthe-,toomuchofthe+

15. ERIK ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY
8stages:
1.TrustvsMistrust
-Infancy(birthto1½years)
Virtue:Hope
Maladaptation:Sensorymaladjustment
Malignancy:Withdrawal

16. ERIK ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY
8stages:
2.AutonomyvsShameorDoubt
-Toddlers(18monthsto2or3yearsold)
Virtue:Willpowerordetermination
Maladaptation:Impulsiveness
Malignancy:Compulsiveness

17. ERIK ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY
8stages:
3.InitiativevsGuilt
-PreschoolYears(3-5yearsold)
Virtue:Courage
Maladaptation:Ruthlessness
Malignancy:Inhibition

18. ERIK ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY
8stages:
4.IndustryvsInferiority
-ElementarySchoolYears(6-12yearsold)
Virtue:Competency
Maladaptation:Narrowvirtuosity
Malignancy:Inertia

19. ERIK ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY
8stages:
5.IdentityvsRoleConfusion
-Adolescence(12-18yearsold)
Virtue:Fidelity
Maladaptation:Fanaticism
Malignancy:Repudiation

20. ERIK ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY
8stages:
6.IntimacyvsIsolation
-EarlyAdulthood
Virtue:Love
Maladaptation:Promiscuity
Malignancy:Exclusion

21. ERIK ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY
8stages:
7.GenerativityvsStagnation
-MiddleAge/MiddleAdulthood
Virtue:Caring
Maladaptation:Overextension
Malignancy:Rejectivity

22. ERIK ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY
8stages:
8.IntegrityvsDespair
-OldAge
Virtue:Wisdom
Maladaptation:Presumption
Malignancy:Disdain

23. PIAGET’S STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
▪Suggeststhatyoungchildrenthinkdifferentlythan
adults.
▪JeanPiaget
KeyConceptsofPiaget’sTheory:
1.SchemaCognitivestructure
2.Assimilation
3.Accommodation
4.Equilibrium
Fittingnewexperiencesintoanexistingschema
Creatinganewschema
Balancebetweenassimilationandaccommodation

24. StagesofCognitiveDevelopment:
1.Sensorimotor
2.Preoperational
3.ConcreteOperational
4.FormalOperational
PIAGET’S STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

25. StagesofCognitiveDevelopment:
1.Sensorimotor
▪Birthto2years
▪Coordinationofsenseswithmotorresponses
▪Grasping,sucking,andreaching
Objectpermanence
-objectsstillexistevenwhenoutofsight.
PIAGET’S STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

26. 2.Preoperational
▪2-7yearsold
▪beginstouselanguage
Egocentricthinking
-difficultyseeingfromotherviewpoints
Symbolicfunction
-abilitytorepresentobjectsandevents
StagesofCognitiveDevelopment:
PIAGET’S STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

27. 2.Preoperational
Centration
-focusonlyononeaspect
LackofConservation
-inabilitytorealizethatthingremainsunchanged
despitelookingdifferent
Irreversibility
-inabilitytoreversetheirthinking
StagesofCognitiveDevelopment:
PIAGET’S STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

28. 2.Preoperational
Animism
-attributehumanliketraitstoinanimateobjects
Realism
-believinginpsychologicalevents
StagesofCognitiveDevelopment:
PIAGET’S STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

29. 3.ConcreteOperational
▪7to11yearsold
▪Abilitytothinklogicallybutonlyintermsof
concreteobjects
▪Coverselementaryeducation
Decentering
-abilitytoperceivedifferentfeatures
StagesofCognitiveDevelopment:
PIAGET’S STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

30. 3.ConcreteOperational
Reversibility
-recognizingthatcertainoperationscanbedonein
reverse
Conservation
-certainpropertiesdonotnecessarilychangewith
thechangeinappearance.
Seriation
-abilitytoarrangethingsbasedononedimension
StagesofCognitiveDevelopment:
PIAGET’S STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

31. 4.FormalOperational
▪11yearsoldandabove
▪Morelogical
▪Solveabstractproblemsandhypothesize
StagesofCognitiveDevelopment:
PIAGET’S STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

32. KHOLBERG’S STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
Level1-Pre-conventional(Birthto9)
Stage1:Punishment-ObedienceOrientation
Level2-Conventional(10-13yearsold)
Level3-Post-conventional(13andabove)
Stage2:InstrumentalRelativistOrientation
Stage3:GoodBoy-NiceGirlOrientation
Stage4:LawandOrderOrientation
Stage5:SocialContractOrientation
Stage6:UniversalEthicalPrincipleOrientation
Avoid punishment
Benefit and satisfaction
Pleasing others/ acceptance
Respectforauthority/fixedrules/
maintainingsocialorder
Common good/ Rules can change to
meet the needs of society
Universal and abstract
values

33. LEV VYGOTSKY’ SOCIO-CULTURAL THEORY
▪Socialinteractionplaysaveryimportantrolein
cognitivedevelopment.
KeyConceptsofSocio-CulturalTheory:
▪Socialinteractionandlanguagearetwocentralfactors
incognitivedevelopment.
1.ScaffoldingAppropriateassistancegivenbytheMKOto
assistthelearneraccomplishatask.
2.MKOMoreknowledgeableindividual–teacher,peers
3.ZPD
Differencebetweenwhatstudentscandoand
whathe/shecandowiththehelpofothers.

34. LEV VYGOTSKY’ SOCIO-CULTURAL THEORY
PotentialLevel-ActualLevel=ZoneofProximalDevelopment

35. URIE BRONFENBRENNER’S ECOLOGICAL THEORY
▪Looksatchild’sdevelopmentwithinthecontextofthe
systemofrelationshipsthatformhis/her
environment.
▪UrieBronfenbrenner
SocialLevelsorSystems
1.Microsystem
2.Mesosystem
3.Exosystem
4.Macrosystem
5.Chronosystem

36. URIE BRONFENBRENNER’S ECOLOGICAL THEORY
SocialLevelsorSystems
1.Microsystem
-layerclosesttothechild
-structureswithwhichthechildhasdirectcontact.
Example:family,childcareservices,school,local,
neighborhood,membershipoforganizations,orchild
careenvironment

37. 2.Mesosystem
-providesconnectionbetweenthestructuresof
thechild’smicrosystem.
URIE BRONFENBRENNER’S ECOLOGICAL THEORY
SocialLevelsorSystems
Example:-connectionbetweenthechild’steacher
andhisparents,betweenhischurchand
neighborhood,etc.

38. 3.Exosystem
-alayerwherethechilddoesnotfunctiondirectly
-providesindirectimpactonthechild’s
developmentbecauseoftheconnectionwiththe
familyunit.
URIE BRONFENBRENNER’S ECOLOGICAL THEORY
SocialLevelsorSystems
Example:parent’splaceofemployment,accessto
familyandcommunityservices

39. 4.Macrosystem
-outermostlayerinchild’senvironment
5.Chronosystem
-dimensionoftimeasitrelatestothechild’s
environment.
URIE BRONFENBRENNER’S ECOLOGICAL THEORY
SocialLevelsorSystems
Example:timingofparent’sdeath,aging,etc.
Example:comprisestheculturalvalues,customs,andlaws