Mariana trench

1. Mariana Trench Deepest trench in the world

2. Geology of Mariana Trench

3. Location Pacific Ocean East of Japan

4. Location Deepest trench in the world Home to the deepest part of the earth: Challenger Deep 11,033 meters underwater Mt Everest: 2183 m

5. Location

6. Formation Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence F ast-moving Pacific Plate is subducted under slower moving Philippine Plate

7. Formation Crust created from East Pacific Ridge Parallel to Mariana Trench Oceanic diverging plate

8. Formation New crust formed by the East Pacific Ridge moved and is subducted at the Mariana Trench East Pacific Ridge Mariana Trench

9. Computer Simulation of Mariana Trench

10. Mariana Islands

11. Mariana Islands

12. Geology of Mariana Islands Example of an island arc 15 Volcanic Islands that rise up from ocean floor

13. Geology of Mariana Islands After millions of years, erupted lava and volcanic debris pile up on the ocean floor Causes a submarine volcano to rise above sea level to form an island volcano

14. Biology of Mariana Trench

15. Biology of Mariana Trench It is very cold and highly pressurized Hydrothermal (hot water) vents formed by spreading tectonic plates release hydrogen sulfide and other minerals consumed by the bacteria which are then consumed by other microorganisms forming a food chain Creatures from the deep show an incredible resistance to temperature extremes by having different proteins which are adapted for life under these conditions( e.g. Crabs, Angler Fish)

16. Biology of Mariana Trench Another interesting characteristic of these deep sea creatures is their longevity many able to live for over a century Creatures seldom migrate and are slow to develop

17. Exploration of Mariana Trench

18. 1951: Challenger II Mariana Trench was first pinpointed Surveyed by British Survey Ship: Challenger II

19. 1960: Trieste Exploration of deepest point (Challenger Deep) In U.S. Naval submarine Swiss Scientist Jacques Piccard and US Navy Lt. Donald Walsh 20 min dive Confirmed trench to be the deepest point on Earth

20. 1995: Kaiko Japanese Unmanned submersible launched to explore Mariana Trench Went exploring a few times before lost at sea in a typhoon (2003)

21. 2009: Nereus Submersible built by engineers at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Collect rocks, animals, and water samples and transmit high-quality video to the surface through a hair-thin fiber -optic cable.

22. 2012: DEEPSEA CHALLENGER A manned submersible – The second ever to go to the Challenger Deep Undergoing sea trials beginning in March 2012 By Director James Cameron (director of TITANIC)

23. Thank you!! Any Questions?