Marine Algae- A new source of Anti-inflammatory compounds

Novel anti-inflammatory compounds isolated from marine

1. Marine Algae A new source of Anti-inflammatory compounds Anuraag Rai Assistant Professor SOP Parul University

2. Content 7/31/2023 2

3. Introduction to marine algae Marine is the new home for discovery of new drugs. Many compounds are being isolated from marine alga that has many physiological and therapeutical properties. Activities such as anti-diabetic, antiviral, analgesic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory are reported from the compounds isolated from marine alga. In this chapter, marine alga and its isolated compounds having anti-inflammatory property has been discussed. 7/31/2023 3

4. Inflammation 7/31/2023 4

5. Role of Inflammatory Mediators 7/31/2023 5

6. Role of Inflammatory Mediators 7/31/2023 6

7. MARINE ALGAE 7/31/2023 7

8. ISHIGE FOLIACEA Ishige foliacea is a brown marine alga found in the western Pacific Ocean region and grows in a warm & moist temperature This sea weed are consumed by the people of Korea, Mexico and Japan on their daily basis for its medicinal purposes and health benef its. Figure - chemical structure of m-Octaphlorethol A The chemical compound isolated form this marine alga is a phenolic compound called m-Octaphlorethol A M-OCTAPHLORETHOL A Image source-https:// aromainherb.net /product/% EB%84%93%ED%8C%A8-50g-ishige-foliacea -% EA%B5%AD%EC%82%B0 -% EC%A0%9C%EC%A3%BC /2449/ 7/31/2023 8

9. ISHIGE FOLIACEA Traditional Uses Of I.Foliacea Culinary Uses The use of seaweed as a functional food nowadays. One of the best examples is the seaweed paper used in the preparation of Japanese Indigenous cuisine; Sushi. However, the consumption of such seaweeds are also increasing at the Western Countries Nutrition Value- They are low caloric food but rich in vitamins, minerals and essential trace elements polyunsaturated fatty acids, bioactive metabolites, proteins, polysaccharides and dietary fibres. Apart from regular consumption, many studies advocated the health benefits of seaweed supplementation alongside a regular diet 7/31/2023 9

10. ISHIGE FOLIACEA Health Benefits & Uses It can be used for the treatment of High Glucose Level in Blood As adaptogenic For prevention of Cancer especially Colon cancer It is generally used for Memory improvement It is used to lower VLDL level As anti-oxidant 7/31/2023 10

11. m-Octaphlorethol A Anti-inflammatory Activity This compound, m-Octaphlorethol A has suppressive activity on all pro-inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, MAPK and NF- κB. Mechanism of action of m- octaphlorethol -A Octaphlorethol-A exerts its anti-inflammatory action by inhibiting the stimulation of Cytokines, MAPK and NF-κB . As aforementioned earlier, these three are the chief pro-mediators for inflammation. Other Activities Reported- m-Octaphlorethol A is also reported to have a good anti-diabetic activity and the mechanism by which it exhibits its action is by inhibiting α-glucosidase ( an enzyme that hydrolyse Carbohydrates into Glucose) It is also reported to have a potent anti-viral activity activity due to its cytotoxic property Figure - chemical structure of m-Octaphlorethol A 7/31/2023 11

12. EISENIA ARBOREA Eisenia arborea , also known as southern sea palm, is a marine alga which are found on the western Pacific coast of North America and also found in Japan. It is an edible seaweed and contain high nutritional value. It is commonly used as a food thickener ( alginic acid ). Before the discovery of anti-inflammatory element in Eisenia arborea , it was employed to predict environmental stress in oceans intertidal zones. Image ttps :// www.google.com / search?q = eisenia+arborea&tbm =is 7/31/2023 12

13. EISENIA ARBOREA Eisenia arborea in Traditional Use Culinary uses- Due to its soft texture and soft and sweet taste, it is one of the algae that most quickly accepts the western palate. Its delicate flavour combines perfectly with tofu and vegetables with delicate flavour. It belongs to the group of brown algae, although in the market they are sold in a darker colour. Its sweet taste derives from its high content of natural sugar (called mannitol), common in brown algae. Nutrition Value  It is rich in protein, iodine, calcium, and vitamins A, B and B 2 . Health Benefits- It fights hypertension. Prevents hardening of the arteries, and Has been traditionally used as a remedy to treat disorders of the female reproductive organs (18) . 7/31/2023 13

14. EISENIA ARBOREA x Figure - Chemical structure of Phlorofucofuroeckol-B The isolated compound from Eisenia arborea Phlorofucofuroeckol-B , a phenolic compound that has been reported to exhibit a potent anti-inflammatory action . PHLOROFUCOFUROECKOL-B 7/31/2023 14

15. EISENIA ARBOREA Anti-inflammatory action of phlorofucofuroeckol B This phenolic compound, Phlorofucofuroeckol-B exhibits its action by inhibiting the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils which eventually decrease the magnitude of inflammation. Histamine increases the vasodilatation, and also increases the vascular permeability in the immediate transient phase of the acute inflammatory reaction. In short, Histamine is also one of the inflammatory mediators. Other Activities Reported- The methanol extract of Phlorofucofuroeckol-B has also been reported to exhibit antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes . This compound has also been reported to have an anti-hypertension activity. Phlorofucofuroeckol-B exerts its action by inhibiting the ACE-1 ( Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-1 ) which regulates the blood pressure and cardiac output. 7/31/2023 15

16. Isolated compounds Biological Source Activity reported Catechol and rutin Porphyra dentata Inhibition of LPS induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells Vidalols A and B Vidalia obtusaloba Inhibition of mouse ear inflammation induced by phorbol ester through inhibition of phospholipase A 2 . Dioxinodehydroeckol Eisenia bicyclis Inhibitory effects on histamine release Fucan Fucus vesiculosus Inhibition of NO and PGE2 production in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia. Suppression of iNOS, COX-2, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and pro-inflammatory cytokine; IL-1 and TNF-synthesis. Sulphated fucan Gelidium crinale Inhibition of dextran, carrageenan and histamine −induced paw edema. Fucan Fucus vesiculosus Inhibition of NO and PGE2 production in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia. Suppression of iNOS, COX-2, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and pro-inflammatory cytokine; IL-1 and TNF-synthesis. Sulphated fucan Gelidium crinale Inhibition of dextran, carrageenan and histamine −induced paw edema. List of other isolated compounds (from marine algae) reported to have a potent anti-inflammatory activity 7/31/2023 16

17. Discussion As the terrestrial resources are on the verge of exhaustion, it is high time we focus on the resources from the marine since it is the only ecosystem which are still behind to discover due to backlashes such as funds, safety issues and also lack of interests. Only a few research scholars or marine experts has a keen interest in this area of exploring. One such finding is the formulation of first ever marine-derived product “Ziconotide "which was approved by FDA in 2005 as an antileukemic agent. Ziconotide is the semi-synthetic compound of conotoxin peptide derived from marine snail; Conus magus. Efforts are being made to find out ways and methods to dive into the marine and treasured out such marine organisms which will be aiding to the development of new potent drugs. The later discussed is only 1% of the findings. There are more to explore. 7/31/2023 17

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