Marine pharmacognosy

summary of marine pharmacognosy

1. Marine Pharmacognosy 1

2. Contents Introduction Classification of M arine drugs Different sources of Marine organisms Marine toxins Conclusion References 2

3. Introduction: Ocean occupied 70% of earth surface with diversity of plants, animals and microbes. Ocean house millions of marine organisms which are source of unique chemical compounds. We merely exploit he marine organism for medicinal purpose . Studies from all around the world have been shown that marine organisms produce a diverse array of metabolites with novel chemical structure and a potent biological activity as well as other desirable properties. The impact of marine natural product is presently lesser on the pharmaceutical industry, it may come forward in a big way to provide new lead compounds for the development of potential therapeutically active compounds. 3

4. Marine Drugs: The drugs which are obtained from marine organisms are known as marine drugs. They are highly potent bio-active molecules. Example; Cod liver oil, Shark liver oil, Sodium alginate and Agar- Agar Marine Pharmacognosy : It is a sub-branch of pharmacognosy , which is mainly concerned with the naturally occurring substances of medicinal value from marine source. 4

5. Classification of marine drugs: 1. Cytotoxic / Antineoplastic Agents 2. Cardiovascular Active Drugs Marine Toxins 3. Antimicrobial Drugs 4. Antibiotic Substances 5. Anti-inflammatory 6. Antiparsitic Agents 7. Antispasmodic Agents 8.Miscellaneous Pharmacogically Active Agents 5

6. Antineoplastic agents : Crassin acetate It is a member of C embronoids which are cyclic diaterpenes . Biological source: It is obtained from caribbean gorgonian pseudoplexaura porosa . Chemical constituents: The main active constituent is C rassin acetate . Uses: C rassin acetate was observed to be extremely cytotoxic to human leukaemia cells in vitro . Cardiovascular Agents: Eldoisin Eldoisin is a powerful hypotensive compound. It also shows strong vasodilator effect. Biological source: Eldoisin is obtained from the posterior salivary glands of [small octopus] eldone moschata . Uses: 1. It is found to stimulate extra vascular smooth muscle. 2. Eldoisin is acts as a potent vasodilator and hypotensive activity. 3. It also stimulate lacrimal secretion. 4. It causes salivation and enhance capillary permeability in certain specific species 6

7. Antibiotics Cephalosporin-c Biological source: It is obtained from Cephalosporium acrimonium (fungus). Uses: It is antibiotic agent. Instamycin -A Biolocal source: It is obtained from Streptomyces tenjimariensis . Uses : In vitro activity against Gram(-) and Gram(+) bacteria. Istamycin -B Biological source: It is obtained from Streptomyces tenjimariensis . Uses: In vitro activity against Gram(-) and Gram(+) bacteria[54]. 7

8. Anti- inflammatory drugs Plethora of chemical substance have been isolated from the broad spectrum of marine organisms which attribute either anti-inflammatory or anti-spasmodic activities. TETRADO TOXI N Biological source : Tetradotoxin is obtained from liver and ovaries of puffer fish . Uses: 1. It is used as anti-inflammatory. 2. It has analgesic effect. 3. It acts as muscle relaxant . 8

9. Anti-parasitic agents DIGENIA SIMPLEX ( Red Algae ) Biological source: Degenia simplex is a marine red algae native to eastern pacific (Philippines, Japan ) Chemical constituents: Alpha- kianic acid. Uses: It is a broad spectrum anthelmintic effective against round worm, tapeworm and whipworm. 9

10. Anti-microbial agents ZONAROL : Biological source: Zonarol and Iso-zonarol are both obtained from Dictyopteris zonaroides (Brown algae). Uses: It is used as antifungal drug TETRABROMO-2-HEPTANONE Biological source: tetrabromo-2-heptanone is obtained from the another species of Red algae Bonnemaisonia hemifera . Uses: It is used as Antimicrobial agents . Anti-spasmodic agents Agelasidine A sesquiterpene derivative isolated from Okinawa sea sponge Agelas spp. has demonstrate very good antispasmodic activity in animals model . product containing guanine and sulfone units. 10

11. MISCELLANEOUS PHARMACOLOGICALLY ACTIVE DRUGS Insectisides Nereis toxin an insecticidal compound has been isolated from the marine annelid Lumbriconereis heteropoda . Many semisynthetic and synthetic analogs have been produce the structural model of nereis toxin. One of the derivative named as cartap is used as an insecticide in Japan. Anticoagulants Anticoagulants reported from the marine sources are mostly polysaccharide derivatives obtained from marine algae. Carrageenans from Chondrus crispus and galactan sulphuric acid from Iridaea laminarioides have shown anticoagulant activity. 11

12. Different sources of marine drugs 1 . Sponges 2.Coelenterates (sea whips, sea fans and soft corals) 3.Tunicates 4.Molluscus ( nudibranchs , sea hares, etc.) 5. Echinoderms (starfish, sea cucumbers, etc.) 6.Bryozoans (moss animals) . 12

13. Sponges Sponges come in a wide variety of colors, shapes, and sizes. Some sponges are taller than humans . Sponges are relatively simple multi-celled animals. They do not have tissues or organs like some animals do, but they have specialized cells to perform necessary functions. Sponges are classified in the phylum Porifera . 13

14. Coelenterates Coelenterates possess small structures, technically complex secretions produced by the golgi apparatus. While all coelenterates are carnivorous. Some coelenterates are dangerous to humans. For example, fire coral causes an itchy skin rash in those who touch it are called as colonial organisms. Some examples of coelenterates include jellyfish, soft corals. 14

15. Tunicates Tunicate  is a marine invertebrates animal, a member of the subphylum  Tunicata , which is part of the chordata . The subphylum was at one time called   Urochordata , and the term  urochordates  is still sometimes used for these animals. They are marine filter feeders with a water-filled, sac-like body structure and two tubular openings . 15

16. Molluscus Mollusca  is a large  phylum  of invertebrates animals whose members are known as  molluscs . Molluscs are the largest marine  phylum . They are highly diverse, not just in size and in anatomical structure, but also in behaviour and in habitat. cephalod   molluscs , such as  sqiud , cuttlefish and octopus, are among the most neurologically advanced of invertebrates . 16

17. Echinoderms (Star fish) Echinoderms is a member of the phylum Echinodermata of marine animals. The adults are recognizable by their (usually five-point) radial symmetry, and include such well-known animals as sea stars, sea urchins and sea cucumbers.  Echinoderms are found at every ocean depth . 17

18. Bryozoanes ( moss animals) Bryozoa  (also known as the  Polyzoa ,  Ectoprocta  or commonly as moss animals) are a phylum of aquatic invertebrate animals. Typically about 0.5 millimetres long , they are filter feeders that sieve food particles out of the water using a retractable  lophophore a "crown" of tentacles lined with cilia. Predators of marine bryozoans include  nudibranches  (sea slug), fish, sea urchins, pycnogonids , crustaceans, mites and starfish. 18

19. Marine toxins: Many marine organisms produce potentially toxic compounds which may work for their safety and protect them from predators. These toxins may cause potential hazards to human health. many of these toxins had also shown remarkable biological activities in comparatively low doses. 19

20. Breviotoxins Biological source: A plethora of polycyclic polyether metabolites have been obtained from the dinoflagellate ptychodiscus brevis and now the brevitoxins are commonly known as from the generic nomenclature that is p.brevis toxins. Uses : 1. It exert an excitatory effect on the isolated neuromuscular and other cells. 2. It cause both neurological an gastrointestinal disorders. 20

21. Ciguatera toxins Ciguatera toxins occurs when ingestion of blue green algae and marine snails. Biological source: Ciguateratoxin (CTX) is found in gymnothorax javanicus ( Moray eal ), besides in a variety of coral reef fish, Red snapper. Uses; Ciguatera toxins shows cardiovascular and neurophysiological properties. uses : 1.It causes neurological problems 2. It causes cardiovascular and gastrointestinal problems .. 21

22. Saxitoxin Saxitoxin ia a purine skeleton containing toxin compounds produced by the saxidomus gigateus and mytilus californianus . It is also found in toxic species of molluscus such as granulosa platypodia . In toxic dose it produces marked hypotensive effect. 22

23. Aplysins Aplysins is a group of toxic compound isolated from sea hares aplysia depilans . Aplysins contains an unpleasant, colorless fluid secreted by the skin. These are the white viscous liquid by opaline gland and purple secretion from another gland present in sea hares. Aplysins causes paralysis when injected into cold blooded animals. 23

24. Conclusion The greater part of the earth surface is covered by seas and ocean, which contains about 500,000 species of marine organisms. Since the natural products chemists diverted their attention to exploit the vast resources of marine flora and animal world, numerous novel compounds have been isolated from these marine organisms. Many of these compounds shown pronounced biological activity. Many of these compounds might show some other activities. 24

25. R eferences 1 . Kar Ashutosh ; Pharmacognosy & Pharmacobiotechnology ;Revised expanded 2nd edition; New Age International(P) Limited Publishers; pg :-695-699. 2 . Kokate C.K, Purohit A.P, Gokhale S.B; Pharmacognosy 39 the edition ; Nirali Prakashan Publication; pg :- 550- 551. 3. Ansari Dr. S.H ; Essentials of Pharmacognosy ; 2nd edition; Birla Publications Pvt. Ltd; pg :-644,645,646-648,649-650,653, 654. 4 . Biren Shah AK Seth; Textbook of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry ; second edition; CBS Publishers and Distributors pvt ltd. Page no.494-504. 25

26. 26 Thank you!!!