Marine Resources ! Rased Hasan Sojib! Bangladesh

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1. MARINE RESOURCES Presented by Md. Rased Hasan Sojib

2. Introduction Marine resources are resources (physical and biological entities) that are found in oceans and are useful for humans. A resource with monetary value can be harvested, processed, and utilized for economic activities. Resources like fish, oil, and sand all have monetary value. Transportation and fishing have been the two most important economic activities carried out on the oceans. It provides food in the form of fish and shellfish—about 200 billion pounds fish caught each year.

3. Forms of Marine Resources

4. Types of Marine resources Mineral Resources Energy Resources Food Resources

5. Mineral Resources Marine mineral resources refer to the valuable minerals and resources found in the seabed and subsoil of the world's oceans and seas. Metals, minerals, elements, or aggregate can be extracted from marine mineral resources, which accumulate on or beneath the seafloor. These resources include various minerals and metals that have economic value and can be extracted for industrial, commercial, and technological purposes.

6. Important Marine Mineral Resources Sand Today, sand is utilized for a variety of reasons, including building, pleasure, and diverse businesses such as glass manufacturing. The sea beaches can be thought of as sand deposits that have been left behind. Limestone and Gypsum Limestones are calcium carbonate-containing rocks. It is also used in the building industry. Gypsum, or calcium sulfate hydrate, is also utilized in building and is converted into Plaster of Paris ( PoP ). Salt Sodium chloride is the chemical formula for salt. It is one of the most common minerals found in seawater. Depending on the location, salt can be collected directly or through mines. Manganese Nodules They have a significant potential to be utilized as a resource by humans once the technology to capture these rich metals is developed. These nodules are incredibly rich in metals. Gold and Diamonds Diamonds in all commercial diamond resources on Earth were produced in the mantle and brought to the surface by deep-source volcanic eruptions. Both are on the list of the most valuable minerals. Potassium Potassium is another plentiful mineral, however, unlike salt, it cannot be extracted directly.

7. Marine Energy Resources Marine energy or marine power (also sometimes referred to as ocean energy, ocean power, or marine and hydrokinetic energy) refers to the energy carried by ocean waves, tides, salinity, and ocean temperature differences. Types of marine energy: Tidal Energy Wave Energy Wind Energy

8. Tidal Energy Tidal power or tidal energy is harnessed by converting energy from tides into useful forms of power, mainly electricity using various methods. How is tidal energy produce?

9. Wave Energy Wave power is typically produced by floating turbine platforms or buoys that rise and fall with the swells. However, wave power can be generated by exploiting the changes in air pressure occurring in wave capture chambers that face the sea or changes in wave pressure on the ocean floor

10. Offshore wind Power   Offshore wind power  or  offshore wind energy  is the  generation of electricity  through  wind farms  in bodies of water, usually at sea. There are higher wind speeds offshore than on land, so offshore farms generate more electricity per amount of capacity installed. Figure: Wind turbines and electrical substation of Alpha Ventus Offshore Wind Farm in the North Sea

11. Oil Resource Figure: The global distribution of oil reserves and resources is uneven. The most important region is the Middle East with the Arabian Peninsula. In 2011, global oil consumption reached around four billion tonnes , compared with around 585 billion tones of oil reserves and resources. Cumulative production is the sum of all oil that has already been produced by a specific date in a given region .

12. Natural Gas Resource Figure: Natural gas is also found in varying quantities in different regions of the world. As estimates of the gas hydrate deposits located on or near the sea floor are unreliable, these deposits are not considered here

13. Food Resources Ocean contain variety of living organisms where some serve as food for human. Fisheries : Highly useful source of human nutrition. Mollusks : Shelled creatures like oysters, mussels, clams and squid/octopus. Crustaceans : Crabs, shrimps and lobsters.

14. Biodiversity in Marine Ecosystems Coral reefs: Importance, threats (e.g., climate change, overfishing), and conservation efforts. Mangroves: Role in coastal ecosystems, protection from storms, and conservation initiatives. Deep-sea ecosystems: Unique biodiversity, exploration challenges, and conservation considerations.

15. Tourism Tourism is the fastest growing division of the world economy and is responsible for more than 200 million jobs all over the world. In the US alone, tourism resulted in an economic gain of 478 billion dollars. With 700 million people traveling to another country in the year 2000, tourism is in the top five economic contributors to 83% of all countries and the most important economy for 38% of countries. The tourism industry is based on natural resources present in each country and usually negatively affect ecosystems because it is often left unmanaged. However, sustainable tourism can actually promote conservation of the environment.

16. Importance of Marine Resources Ecological importance Ecosystem functioning Water quality preservation Stock improvement Stabilizes shoreline Pollution reduction CO2 removal from atmosphere Socio- economic importance Food security Economic security Empowerment Cultural services Human health Knowledge transfer Capacity building

17. How can we protect Marine Resources? Governments establish marine protected zones to preserve fragile marine ecosystems and other underwater resources from invasive human activities. Marine protected zones also serve as living labs for oceanographers and marine biologists. Marine protected areas help to safeguard vital ecosystems and representative samples of marine species, and they can help to restore ocean productivity and avert future deterioration. They are also scientific research locations and can produce revenue through tourism and sustainable fishing.

18. Challenges of Marine Resources Management The following challenges need to be addressed to increase the marine production in a sustainable manner, which will have tremendous and long-term impact on livelihoods of the coastal people Lack of awareness about modern aquaculture techniques like cage culture. Lack of appropriate technology for marine and coastal aquaculture. Inadequate facilities in relation to information, communication, transportation and market. Lack of skilled manpower in this field The areas for Mariculture not yet demarcated by the government Lack of financial support and loan facilities to the sector

19. Conclusion Marine resources are an invaluable asset to our planet, contributing significantly to biodiversity, economic prosperity, and global climate regulation. However, the challenges they face, including overfishing, pollution, and climate change, require urgent attention and collaborative efforts. It is imperative that we embrace sustainable practices, promote responsible resource management, and prioritize conservation initiatives.

20. References Berndt, C., T. Feseker , T. Treude , S. Krastel , V. Liebetrau , H. Niemann, V.J. Bertics , I. Dumke, K. Dünnbier , B. Ferré, C. Graves, F. Gross, K. Hissmann , V. Hühnerbach , S. Krause, K. Lieser , J. Schauer & L. Steinle , 2014. Temporal constraints on hydrate-controlled methane seepage off Svalbard. Science 343, 6168 International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds, 2008. Annual Report– Report on the activities of the International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds 2008. United Nations Environment Programme , 2012. Environmen tal assessment of Ogoniland .

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