128 Chapter 7: Consumer Buying Behavior
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2. An opinion leader is likely to be most influential when consumers have high product
involvement but low product knowledge, when they share the opinion leader’s values and
attitudes, and when the product details are numerous or complicated (see Table 7.3).
F. Social Classes
1. A social class is an open aggregate of people with similar social rank.
2. Criteria used to group people into classes vary from one society to another.
3. In the United States, we group according to many factors, including occupation,
education, income, wealth, race, ethnic group, and possessions; analyses of social class in
the United States divide people into three to seven class categories (see Table 7.4).
4. Individuals within social classes develop some common patterns of behavior, attitudes,
values, language patterns, and possessions.
5. Because social class influences so many aspects of a person’s life, it also affects buying
decisions; spending, saving, and credit practices; type, quality, and quantity of products;
and shopping patterns and stores patronized.
G. Culture and Subcultures
1. Culture is the accumulation of values, knowledge, beliefs, customs, objects, and
concepts that a society uses to cope with its environment and passes on to future
generations.
2. Culture includes:
a. Tangible items such as food, clothing, furniture, buildings, and tools
b. Intangible concepts such as education, welfare, and laws
c. The values and a broad range of behaviors accepted by a specific society
3. Because cultural influences affect the ways people buy and use products, culture affects
the development, promotion, distribution, and pricing of products.
4. International marketers must take into account global cultural differences.
a. People in other regions of the world have different attitudes, values, and needs.
b. International marketers must adapt to different methods of doing business and must
develop different types of marketing mixes.
5. A Subculture is a group of individuals whose characteristics, values, and behavioral
patterns are similar within the group and different from those of people in the
surrounding culture.
a. Subcultural boundaries are usually based on geographic designations and
demographic factors.
b. Marketers recognize that the growth in the number of U.S. subcultures has resulted in
considerable variation in consumer buying behavior.
(1) African American Subculture
(a) Represents 13.7 percent of the U.S. population.
(b) Spends more money on depreciable products like phone services, children’s
clothing, and shoes.
(c) Many companies have renewed their advertising focus on African Americans.
(2) Hispanic Subculture
(a) Is the largest ethnic group, with 16.7 percent of the U.S. population, and is
growing rapidly.
(b) This subculture is composed of many diverse cultures from across Latin
America.
(c) Many companies have Spanish-language advertising and promotions
featuring Hispanic and Latino celebrities.
(3) Asian American Subculture
(a) Represents 5.7 percent of the U.S. population and is comprised of 15 different
ethnic groups.