Markings on bones, periosteum and endosteum

1. Markings on Bones, Periosteum and Endosteum Anatomy for Students of Physiotherapy and Occupational therapy Rohana Perera

2. BASIC STRUCTURES The Skeleton Bones Markings on Bones The surfaces of bones are marked by various projections, depressions and perforations, each of which has some significance. Projections and depressions may be articular i.e. taking part in the formation of joints, or they may mark the attachments of muscles, tendons, ligaments. Perforations may serve as passageways for blood vessels and nerves.

3. BASIC STRUCTURES The Skeleton Bones Anatomical Designation Description Examples Line Faint linear elevation Nuchal lines of occipital bone Ridge Sharp linear elevation Supracondylar ridges Crest Prominent linear elevation Iliac crest 1. Projections or elevations - 1.1 Linear elevations

4. BASIC STRUCTURES The Skeleton Bones Anatomical Designation Description Examples Tubercle Blunt, slightly raised Conoid tubercle of clavicle Protuberence Prominent Occipital protuberences Tuberosity medium Rough and prominent Tuberosities of humerus Malleolus Larger Medial and Lateral Malleoli Trochanter Largest Trochanters of femur 1.Projections or elevations - 1.2 Rounded / quadrangular elevations

5. BASIC STRUCTURES The Skeleton Bones Anatomical Designation Description Examples Spine Pointed bony projections Vertebral spines Styloid Radial styloid 1.Projections or elevations - 1.3 Sharp elevation

6. BASIC STRUCTURES The Skeleton Bones Anatomical Designation Description Examples Head Enlarged, rounded Head of humerus / femur Condyle Knuckle-like Condyles of Femur Epicondyle Non- articular prominence Upon a condyle Epicondyles of - humerus /femur 1. Projections or elevations - 1.4 Expanded articular ends

7. BASIC STRUCTURES The Skeleton Bones Anatomical Designation Description Examples Facets Small flat regions Facets on head of rib 2. Flat areas for articulations Or ligament attachments

8. BASIC STRUCTURES The Skeleton Bones Anatomical Designation Description Examples Fovea Shallow concavity Articular fovea on the radial head Cavity, Fossa Obvious concavity Glenoid fossa, subscapular fossa Sulcus , Groove Linear depression Bicipital groove of humerus Notch, Incisura Deep concave border Sciatic notches 3. Depressions

9. BASIC STRUCTURES The Skeleton Bones Anatomical Designation Description Examples Fissure Narrow, cleftlike Superior orbital fissure Foramen Hole Foramen magnum Canal Tubular passage Carotid canal of temporal bone Meatus External / internal acoustic meatus 4. Perforations (Openings)

10. BASIC STRUCTURES The Skeleton Periosteum Periosteum The external surface of bones, other than at the joint surfaces, is covered with a highly vascular, fibrous membrane, called periosteum. It maintains its connection with the underlying compact bone by means of direct continuation of its fibers, called Sharpey’s fibers. Periosteum is composed of two layers, an outer dense fibrous connective tissue layer and an inner loosely arranged osteogenic, or bone producing layer. This membrane is of great importance: 1. during development and growth of bones, 2. in adult life, for the nutrition of the underlying bony tissue, 3. for regeneration of bones following fractures. Periosteum also serves as a means of attachment of muscles, tendons, and ligaments to the bones.

11. BASIC STRUCTURES The Skeleton Endosteum Endosteum A thin layer of connective tissue called endosteum, lines the marrow cavities. In cancellous bone the marrow cavities (sinusoids) are thin walled, capillary like spaces, which are lined with retculoendothelial cells, surrounded by various developmental stages of red and white blood cells.