Martand Classes Resoruces and Development

Martand Classes
Chapter - 1 Georgraphy
Resources and Development

1. Martand Classes Social Science Class – 10 th Chapter – 1 (Geography) Resources and Development By – Aditya Mishra TGT – Social Science

2. Resource Definition – Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided that it is technologically accessible, economically feasible, and culturally acceptable can be termed as a resource.

3. Interdependent relationship between Nature, Technology and Institutions Human beings interact with nature through technology and create institutions to accelerate their economic development. Physical Environment (Nature ) Technology Institutions Human beings

4. Types of resources Resources 1. Based on Origin 2. Based on Exhaustibility 3. Based on Ownership 4. Based on the status of Development

5. Biotic Resources – These are obtained from biosphere and have life such as human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock etc. Abiotic Resources – All those things which are composed of non-livings things called abiotic resources. For example – Rocks and Metals. Based on Origin Biotic Abiotic

6. Renewable Resources – The resources which can be renewed by Physical, Chemical or Mechanical Processes are known as renewable resources. For example – Solar and wind energy, water, forests and wildlife etc. Non-Renewable Resources – These occur over geological time. Mineral and fossile fuels are examples of such resources take millions of years in their formation. Some of the resources like metals are recyclable and some like fossile fuels can-not be recycled and get exhausted with their use. Based on Exhaustibility Renewable Resources Non-Renewable Resources

7. On the Basis of Ownership F 1. Individual Resources F 2. Community Resources F 3. National Resources F 4. International Resources

8. Individual Resources Individual Resources that are owned privately by individuals. For Example . Land owned by farmers (allotted by the government against the payment of revenue) . Plantations, pasture lands, ponds, water in wells owned by individuals. . Plots, houses and other property owned by people in the city etc.

9. Community Resources Community resources are resources accessible to all the members of a community. Examples . Village commons (grazing grounds, burial grounds, village ponds, etc. . Public parks, picnic sports, and playgrounds in urban areas.

10. National Resources . National Resources are all the resources that belong to a nation. Example- . Roads, Canals, Railways, etc. . Minerals, Water Resources, Forests, Wildlife etc. . Land with in the political boundaries. . Territorial water and the Resources within The Term territorial water refers to the oceanic are up to 12 Nautical Miles (19.2 km) From the coast. The country has legal power to acquire even private for public good.

11. International Resources There are international Institution which regulate some resources. The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the exclusive economic zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilize these without the concurrence of International Institutions.

12. On the Basis of the Status of Development Potential Resources Developed Resources Stock Reserves

13. Potential Resources . Potential resources are found in a region which have not been utilized. . Example- Wind and Solar energy development potential in the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan .

14. Developed Resources . Developed resources are resources that have been surveyed and determined for utilization booth quality and quantity. The development of resources depends on technology and level of their feasibility.

15. Stock Resources . Stock refers to materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy Human needs but human beings do not have the appropriate technology to access these examples . Water is a compound of two gases Hydrogen and Oxygen. Hydrogen can be used as a rich source of energy. But we do not have advanced technical know how to use it for this purpose. .

16. Reserves Resources . Reserves are the subset of the stock which can be put into use with the help of existing technical know how but their use has not been started. . These can used fro future requirements. River water can be used for generating hydro electric power but presently. It is being utilized only to a limited extent.

17. Development of Resources . Resources are vital for human survival as well as for maintaining the quality of life. It was believed that resources are free gifts of nature. As a result, human beings used the indiscriminately and this had led to the following problems.

18. Problems . Many resources got depleted. E.g. Forest . Resources get accumulated in the hand of few people. The Society is divided into rich and poor. . Global warming, ozone layer depletion, environment degradation etc.

19. Sustainable development . Sustainable economic development means development should take place without damaging the environment, and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations. Sustainable development

20. Agenda 21- Rio da Janeiro earth summit,1992 . It is the declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the United Nation Conference on Environment and development. Which took place at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil . It aim at achieving global sustainable development. . It is an agenda to combat environment damages, poverty, disease through global co-operation on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities.

21. Resource Planning Resource planning is a technique or skill of Proper Utilization of resources. States of Resource planning Stage-A :- Identification and Inventory of Resources. . Surveying, Mapping and the measurement of the qualities and the quantizes of the resources are the important activities undertaken. Stage-B:- Planning for exploitation . Develop a planning structure with suitable technology, skill and Institutional setup. Stage-C:- Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.

22. Importance of Resource Planning . It is necessary for the balanced development of India. . Some regions of India are rich in certain resources and poor in some other resources. E.g. Rajasthan is poor in water resources but rich in solar and wind energy. . Some regions are self sufficient while other regions are very poor in important resources. E.g. Madhya Pradesh is rich in many resources but Ladakh is poor in resoruces . . Wastage of resources can be avoided by planning. . Environment of pollution can be reduced. . Over exploitation of resources can be avoided.

23. Resource Conservation Planned use of resources in order to meet the present needs and to store a part for the future generations is called resource conservation. It is necessary because . Many resources are non-renewable and exhaustible. . Conservation of resources helps us to reduce wastage. It will help in economic progress. . Resource conservation helps us to protect the environment.

24. Land resources We live on land, we perform our economic activities on land and we use it indifferent ways. Thus, land is a natural resource of utmost importance. It supports natural vegetation, wildlife, human life, economic activities. Transport and communication system. However, land is an asset of a finite magnitude, therefore it important to use the available land for various purpose with careful planning. . India has land under a variety of relief features namely:- Mountains, Plateaus, plains and island. 27% Plateaus 30% Mountains 43% Plains

25. Land Utilization Forests Land not available for cultivation Other uncultivated land Fallow lands Net sown area Barran and wasteland Land not for agricultural use ( buildings, roads and factories) Parmanent pastures and grazing land Culturable waste land (Left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years) Land under the crops (not included in set sown area) Current fallow (left uncultivated for less than one agricultural year) Other then fallow land (Left uncultivated for past 1 to 5 agricultural years)

26. Land Degradation . Large scale soil erosion caused by running water and wind. . Dumping of waste materials from mining centers and industrial units. . Over irrigations leads to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil. . Over grazing by animals and deforestation by man. . Waste water from the industrial units pollute the lands. . Mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry.

27. Land conservation measures . Soil erosion can be prevented by ending deforestation. . Mining activities should be controlled. New technology with reduces wastage can be adopted. . Industrial waste should be chemically treated to remove the harmful substance. . Urban waste should be used for the production of biogas. . Over irrigation should be stopped and new method of irrigation should be followed.

28. Soil as a resource . The upper most layer of the earth’s crust which is loose, broken and useful for plants is called soil. . Soil is formed mainly due to the process of weathering as result of weathering a layer of loose rock materials is formed on the land surface. if this layer remains undisturbed for a land period of time, chemical, Physical and organic changes take place in it. These changes lead to the formation of soi l

29. Factors which influence soil formation process . Climate- Climate decides the rate of weathering and taken type of vegetation. . Topography- Topography of the land decides the accumulation of soil. . Nature of parents rock- It decides compositions and texture of the soil . Vegetation- Vegetation decides the amount of humus available in the soil.

30. Type of Soil There are 6 types of Soil Alluvial Soil Red Soil Black Soil Laterite Soil Arid Soil Mountain Soil

31. Alluvial Soil Alluvial soil is the most fertile and wide spread soil found in India. It is formed due to the deposition of fine silt called alluvium by the rivers. It is found in the northern plains, Gujarat plain and the coastal plains. It consists of sand, silt And clay. It is divided into khadar and Bangar It contains soil nutrients such as potash, phosphoric acid and lime. So, it fertile and good for the growth of sugarcane, rice, wheat and pulses.

32. Difference between Khadar and Bangar Khadar Soil On the basis of age, these are new alluvial soils. These soils are fine and fertile. The are found in the lower reaches of river valleys. Bangar Soil 1. On the basis of age, these are old a alluvial soil. 2. These soils are coarse and less fertile than khaddar soils. 3. They are found in the upper reaches of river valleys.

33. Red Soil . Seen mainly in low rainfall area. . Porous, friable structure. . Wheat, cotton, pluses, tobacco, Oil Seeds, Potato etc. are cultivated. . It is found in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Orrisa , Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand.

34. Black Soil . Also known as regur soil . . Regur means cotton-best soil for cotton cultivation. . Most of the Deccan is occupied by Black Soil. . Rich in - Iron, lime, Calcium, Potassium, Aluminum and magnesium. . It is mainly found in the Deccan Trap region of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. . High water retaining capacity .

35. Laterite Soil . Founded as a result of high leaching due to rainfall. . Become so soft when wet and so hard when dried. . Found in the areas of high temperature and high rainfall. . Rich in - Iron and Aluminum. . Rice, Ragi , Sugarcane, Tea, Coffee . It is found in Kerala, Karnataka, Tamilnadu , Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Assam.

36. Arid Soil . Deposited mainly by wind activities. . High Salt content. . Lack of moisture and Humus . Found in western Rajasthan

37. Mountain Soil . Mountain soil are formed in the mountain areas were sufficient rainfall is available. . The soil vary in structure and texture depending on the mountain environment where they are formed. . In the snow bound areas of the Himalayas, they experience denudation, and are acidic with low humus content. . The Soil found in the lower valleys are fertile.

38. Soil Erosion . Removal of top soil from one place to another by natural agencies is called soil erosion. . It is caused by running water and wind. . Deforestation, overgrazing and unscientific agricultural practices are responsible for large scale soil erosion. . Two types- Gully erosion and Sheet erosion.

39. Gully Erosion . The rain water move down on an uneven land scoops away the soil and form deep channels called gullies. This type of erosion is called gully erosion. . A land which is broken into many small parts by the gullies is called band land a bad land it unfit for cultivation and for other economic activities.

40. Sheet Erosion . Some time water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. The water takes away the top soil. This type of erosion is called sheet erosion.

41. Soil Conservation measures Contour ploughing - Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes. 2. Terrace Farming- Step can be cut out on the slopes making terrace. Terrace cultivation restricts soil erosion. 3. Strip Cropping- Large field are divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind. This method is called strip cropping. 4. Shelter belt- Planting lines of trees to create

42. Chapter is completed