Mashroom compost-English.pptx

Methods of making mushroom.

1. Methods of making mushroom compost Vijay Kumar (Professor Soil Science, Retd .) Consultant Faculty and Ex Director of Extension Education Maharana Partap Horticultural University Karnal

2. Plant Chlorophyll Nutrition White Mushroom- Well Decomposed Compost Shiitake Wood- Saw Dust Oyster- Cellulose and Lagin Moisture Specific temperature Carbon -Sugar Starch Nitrogen Protein Amino Acid vitamins and minerals Material selection and requirements decomposition of organic matter and addition of nutrients pasteurization of compost

3. Basically three things are required for planting this mushroom, they are compost spawn (mushroom seed) Casing mix. Although it is necessary for all three things to be good, but to get good yield, having good compost is most important . The material on which the mushroom is grown is called compost, which is made by mixing many substances in a certain proportion. The main basis of compost is wheat or paddy straw, but Ch Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar has found mustard straw most suitable for making compost by research.

4. There are two methods of making compost – Long and short. In both methods, the compost mixture is decomposed on the floor outside, but in the short method, after about two weeks, it is filled in a special type of room known as a chamber or tunnel. The floor of the chamber is perforated ( have small hole for aeration) and air is thrown from below by a blower (fan) which passes through all the compost and goes upwards . The same air is circulated by the blower into the compost continuously for 6-7 days. The production capacity of this compost is almost twice that of the compost made by long duration . Most of the farmers in India do not have the facility of chamber because most of the farmers are small and they make compost by long duration only. This method is explained in detail.

5. Method of making compost for a long time Formula 1 Formula 2 Formula 3 Wheat straw 300 kg 300 kg Mustard straw - 300 kg Poultry manure - 60 kg 60 kg Wheat filtrate or bran 30 kg 7.5 kg 8 km Gypsum 30 kg 30 kg 20 kg Kisan Khad 9 kg 6 kg (Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ) Urea 3.6 kg 2 kg 4 kg Murate of Potash 3 kg 2 kg . Single Super Phosphate - 3 kg, 2.9 kg 2 kg Sheera ( Rala ) - 5 kg. 5 kg 5 kg

6. The straw used for making compost should be fresh and not soaked in rain . Mustard straw can also be taken in place of paddy straw or wheat straw, but poultry manure is used with mustard straw. All the ingredients can be increased proportionately to make more compost . In case of non-availability of CAN (Calcium Amonium Nitrate) fertilizer, the amount of urea ratio can be increased. But the amount of nitrogen in fresh or raw compost (0-day) should be around 1.6-1.7 percent . Using any of the above mixtures will give about 600 kg of compost.

7. Compost making schedule First of all, if possible, spread the straw on a pucca floor, otherwise in a clean place, wet it thoroughly with water for 2 days. To wet the straw properly, the bottom of the straw should be about one foot, and along with pouring water, keep turning with the tangli (jelly ). After this, compost should be made according to the program given below.

8. 0, 6 , 10 , 13 , 16 , 19 , 22 , 25 , 28 days Day 0: Wet straw should be spread upto one foot. Spread 6 kg CAN, 2.4 kg urea, 3 kg super phosphate, 3 kg muirate of potash and 15 kg wheat bran and mix well. After this, make the mats 5 feet high, 5 feet wide and length according to the availability. After 24 hours of pile making, the temperature inside the pile will start increasing and reaches 70-75 degree celcius . 6 day (first turn): The outside of the pile open to the wind dry quickly and the manure is not decomposed well. The compost is turned over to allow the all portion of the compost material to reach the correct temperature for decomposition. While flipping it must be kept in mind that the outside part of the pile should go in and the inside portion should come out.

9. Add remaining 3 kg CAN, 1.2 kg urea and 15 kg bran. Make the pile look like 0 days again . Day 10 (second turn): Remove one foot of compost from the outside of the compost pile and sprinkle it with water and put it in the middle of the pile while turning. At the time of this overturning, mix 5 kg of molasses in 10 liters of water and mix it well in all the compost before making a pile and sprinkle water lightly on the dry part.

10. 13th day (3rd turn): Apply the fertilizer as given second turn. In the same way, the third turn should be given. Make sure to sprinkle a little water on the outside dry part. Moisture in manure should neither be too much nor less. 30 kg of gypsum should be mixed in the compost. The compost heap should be broken in the same way as it was broken on the second turn on the 10th day and then the same pile should be made again. 16th day (fourth turn): Turning the compost pile over again and make the pile again. Keep the moisture in the compost properly . 19th day (fifth turn): Turning the compost pile over again and make the pile again. 22 (Day 6): Turning the compost pile over again and make the pile again. 25th day (seventh turn): Turning the compost heap again and make the pile again.

11. 28th Day: On this day the compost is tested for ammonia and moisture. If there is no smell of ammonia gas in the manure and the amount of water is also appropriate, then the manure is ready for sowing. Open the compost heap before sowing, so that the compost cools down, if special conditions If ammonia gas is left in the manure, then it should be kept on reversing every third day. There is a possibility of ammonia gas in the manure of chicken manure. Ammonia gas is harmful to mushroom webs or seeds . The easiest way to determine the proper amount of water is to try and squeeze a small amount of compost into your fist . The water droplets should come out between the fingers, but the water should not form a stream. If the quantity of water is more than the requirement, then the manure should be opened and ventilated.

12. Precautions 1. For compost making the straw should be fresh have shine and not rotten 2. Don’t start making compost before September 3. While making compost the moisture should be 65-70%. We can cover the heap with polythene when raining 4. Too wet or too dry make compost hinder the mycelium to spared 5. In every turning observe the moisture 6. In case the moisture is above the 70% the chances of increasing disease are very high

13. Short method of preparation compost:- In short method the composting material is placed in chamber or turnel . For making 100 quintal dry straw compost, the chamber should be of 35ft in length, 10ft in width and 12ft in height. This chamber is insulated with thermocol sheet so that inside heat may not lost. The floor of chamber is perforated from where the air is passed at the pressure with 3 horse power motor having fan of 1440 RPH. This maintain the temperature of compost uniformly and the compost is prepared rapidly. In chamber the compost is filled up to the height of 7ft and compost temperature is maintained to 60 o c for 6-8 hours so that all insect, pest and nematodes are being killed . Care should be taken that the compost temperature should never go beyond 60 o c. After this the compost temperature is maintained to 48 to 52 o c for 6-7 days.

14. In this method we can produce one and half to double compost with less disease. With this method we can produce 250 quintal of compost with 100 quintal dry straw. The short is much better method for preparing good quality of compost with less insect pest infection, however this method is costly. With this method, the compost is prepared in 2 phases. Phase I – Outdoor preparation. Phase II- Indoor preparation. The schedule for out door preparation is will be 4 , 2, 0, 4, 6, 8, 10 days.

15. -4 days:- For preparation of compost first of soak the straw with water for 10-24 hours depending upon the material use. For wheat straw soak upto 24 hours where as paddy straw is soaked for 10 hours. We can mixed different type of straw such as wheat, rice, mustard. When straw is complete wet make the layers of 1.5 ft. to 2.0ft. pressing hard the wet material. -2 days:- Break the layer and add water depending upon requirement i.e. straw should be completely wet. The again prepare the layer of 1.5 to 2.0 ft. height. 0 day:- Place all the material required well and prepare layer of 5 ft wide and 5ft height the length depending upon material and space. 2 nd day – The stag is turned on this day. This will be First turning. 4 th day – The stag is turned on this day i.e. 2 nd turning. 6 th day – Third turning. 8 th day – Forth turning.

16. After this the phase II will start on 10 h day. On this day material will be placed in turnel or banker. The floor of Banker have 3 inch P.V.C perforated pipe layer in II lines. The fresh air is passed through these lines for the span of 5 minutes at the interval of 15 minutes. The stick thermometer are place in chamber to measure the temperature of compost time to time. Now all the compost is shifted to another banker. We have to note the moisture condition of the compost if dry spray more water as per the requirement and pass fresh air for 5 minutes by blowers at he interval of 15 minutes. At this time the temperature of compost may raise upto 75 o c. Day:- Now shift the compost to first banker. The moisture in the compost should be 65-70% and pass the fresh air for 5 minutes by blower at the interval of 15 minutes.

17. Banker no. 2 and pass the fresh air for for 5 minutes by blower at the interval of 15 minutes. Now the colour of compost would be dark brown. Day:- fill all the compost in pasteurization chamber. The height of layer should not be more than 6-7 feet. Do not press the compost so that air should circulate properly. The chamber is closed and it should be air tight. After that pass the fresh air for half an hour. After that inside air of chamber is circulated by blower so that air inside is circulated. Now the temperature of compost may be 50-55oc. Next day reduce the air circulation to raise the temperature upto 50 o c. This will kill all the insect pest. This temperature is maintained for 6-8 hours. Then reduce the temperature to 48-52 o c and keep the compost for 6 days. Inter intently pass the fresh air for 10-15 % with this short method the compost is prepared for 18 days.

18. Characteristics of good compost or manure The color of the finished manure should be dark brown . 2 . The amount of water in the manure should be 68-70 percent . 3 . Nitrogen should be around 2.3-2.5% in the finished compost . 4 . The finished manure should not smell of ammonia.