Master seminar-bulb crops

production technology of onion and garlic,

1. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BULBOUS CROPS Vani firdosbhai b. 7567760076 MASTER’s SEMINAR

2. Common name Botanical name Chromosome number (2n) Onion Allium cepa L . 16 Multiplier onion A . cepa var . aggregatum L . 16 Garlic A. sativum L. 16 Leek A. ampeloprasum L. var. Porrum ( L.) 32(4x) Japanese onion A. fistulosum 16 Tree onion A. cepa L. var . viviparaum 16 Shallot A. cepa var. ascalonicum L. 16 Chive A.schenoprasum L. 16, 24,32 Chinese chive A. tuberosum 32(4x) Kurrat A. kurrat 32(4x) LIST

3. GARLIC KINGDOM: Plantae CLADE: Angiosperms CLADE: Monocots ORDER: Asparagales FAMILY: Alliaceae SUBFAMILY: Allioideae GENUS: Allium SPECIES: A. sativum

4. Garlic ( Allium sativum ) is one of the important bulb crops grown and used as a spice or condiment throughout India. The compound bulb of garlic consists of several small bulblets or cloves. It is rich in proteins, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium and carbohydrates. Contains allicin and principal ingredient is diallyl disulpide Garlic helps indigestion and cholesterol in human blood. Garlic is generally cultivated in M.P, Rajasthan, Gujrat , Orissa, Punjab and Haryana. In India, it is grown in an area of 1.71 lakh hectares with a production of 9.23 lakh tons and 5.38 tons per hectare productivity. In Himachal Pradesh, Garlic is number one bulbous crop grown in an area of 3,799 hectares with total production of 61,049 MT (Anonymous, 2014). INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE

5. SOIL According to Rao and Purewal (1957) and Joshi (1961), garlic requires medium black to well drained loamy soils rich in humus, with fairly good content of potash. The optimum soil pH for garlic is between 6 and 7 . The crop raised on sandy or loose soil does not keep for long and the bulbs too are lighter in weight . In heavy soils , the bulbs produced are deformed , and during harvesting many bulbs are broken so they do not keep well in storage. Highly alkaline and saline soils are not suitable for garlic cultivation.

6. CLIMATIC REQUIREMENT Garlic is a frost-hardy plant, requires cool and moist climate during growth period and warm dry weather during maturity. There are two types of varieties = long days and short days varieties. In India short day types are grown. Cool growing period gives more yield than warm. Garlic should be planted early to promote vegetative growth under short day conditions and cool temperature. It survives well in areas with 600-1200 mm annual rainfall with temperatures ranging between 5-25ºC to 25-40ºC and critical day length for bulbing is 12 hours. .

7. Garlic is propagated through cloves. The size of clove can greatly influence the growth and yield of garlic ( Sultana et al ., 1997 ). The expression of life cycle, the ontogeny of the phenotype and the strategy of bulbing depend on the size of cloves, which affect the final yield of garlic ( Baten et al ., 1989 ). The large mother bulb produced bulbs having average diameter and weight of 2.21cm and 9.87g, respectively compared to 2.07cm and 8.43g produced by the small mother bulbs ( Couto , 1958 ). PROPAGATION

8. Seed clove size had significant influence on all the growth and yield parameters. Higher yield was recorded from large sized clove (16.87t/ha) than that of medium (15.69t/ha) and small (13.10 t/ha) ones ( Alam et al., 2010 ). Main effect of seed clove size on growth and yield of garlic bulb under dry land condition at harvest. Treatments Fresh wt. of bulb (g) Length of bulb (cm) Diameter of bulb (cm) No. of cloves/bulb Yield/plot (kg) Yield (t/ha) T 1 34.40 4.34 4.20 31.00 2.53 16.87 T 2 32.00 3.95 3.95 26.25 2.35 15.69 T 3 27.55 3.65 3.55 22.60 1.97 13.10

9. PLANTING Seed rate of 500-700kg/ha. Place cloves 4 inches apart and 2 inches deep, in their upright position (the wide root side facing down and pointed end facing up). Four methods can be used for planting i.e. dibbling, furrow, broad casting and seed drill. SPACING: For bigger cloves: 15x10cm. The lowest yield bio mass (10.6) was recorded in treatment one planted with 0 cm plant spacing. While the highest yield bio mass(32.66) was recorded in treatment three planted with 15 cm plant spacing( Hussen et al ., 2014 ).

10. RECOMMENDED VARIETIES YAMUNA SAFED-2 AGRIFOUND WHITE YAMUNA SAFED- 1 TSS 41% dry matter 42.78% and good storer . The yield is 130 q/ha. The variety is tolerant to insect pests and diseases like purple blotch, stemphylium blight and onion thrips . TSS 38%, dry matter 39.5% and good storer . Yield 150-175 q/ha . TSS 38-40%, dry matter 40-41%. Average yield 150-200 q/ha. The variety is recommended for Northern India.

11. YAMUNA SAFED-3 AGRIFOUND PARVATI YAMUNA SAFED-4 15-16 number of cloves per bulb TSS 38.42%, dry matter 39-43%, medium storer . Average yield 175-200 q/ha. The variety is suitable for export . Yield 200-250 q/ha. Storage quality is better than Yamuna Safed-3. Suitable for exports. The variety is long day type and as such is suitable for cultivation in mid and high hills of Northern states. Average yield 175-225 q/ha, medium storer . NEW RELEASED VARIETIES: Yamuna Safed 5, VL Lahsun -2, VL Garlic- 1 VARIETIES FOR H.P.: Agrifound White and Agrifound Parvati , Solan Selection, Large Segmented, Selection -1

12. MANURE AND FERTILIZERS Garlic responds very well to organic manures. For normal soil 10-50 tons of FYM, 60-125kg N, 35-65kg P and 0-100kg K/ha for different parts of country( Thumburaj and Singh ). Micronutrients also increase its yield potential. Increasing nitrogen level up to 100kg ha -1  resulted in longer leaves, greater number of leaves per plant, maximum single bulb weight, and bulb yield per plant (7.08kg) and Bulb yield ha -1  (6746.03kg) . Further more, increase in nitrogen levels had no appreciable effect on the performance of garlic ( Kakar et al., 2002).

13. Plants under zinc sulphate @ 0.25% recorded maximum plant height (61.72cm), number of roots (102.56), length of cloves (3.05 cm) and neck thickness (1.08 cm). Borax @ 0.2% was found most effective for yield improvement of garlic followed by zinc sulphate @ 0.25% ( Chanchan et al., 2013). Application of Zn at 5 kg/ha along with blanket dose of N, P, K, and S fertilizers would be profitable for garlic cultivation ( Nasreen et al., 2009). Abbas et al. (1994) studied the effect of N (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha) and K (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha) on local garlic cultivar. Highest yield and profits of 97.32 and 96.26 q/ha were observed with the application of 100 N/kg and 90 kg K 2 O/ha.

14. IRRIGATION Water requirement for garlic 425 mm. In general, garlic needs irrigation at 8 days intervals during vegetative growth and 10-15 days during maturation. As the crop matures, stop irrigation to allow field to dry out first. Continued irrigation as the crop matures causes the roots and bulb scales to rot. This discolour the bulbs exposes outer cloves and decreases the market value of bulbs. Irrigation at very long spell of drought results in splitting of bulbs. Excessive irrigation results in sprouting. Using of drip irrigation causes both decreasing weeds and increasing yield in garlic cultivars (Mohammad Ghanbari , 2013).

15. Maximum yield of 4,110.2 kg/ha was recorded from the 4 day irrigation interval while,1,835.4 kg/ha was recorded from the 8 – day irrigation interval ( Aminu K. Doro, 2012). Bulb yield, bulb weight, number of cloves/bulb and clove weight as affected by irrigation interval for the two years combined. Treatment Irrigation Interval(days) Bulb Yield (kg ha) Bulb Weight (g) No. of Cloves(No.) Clove Weight (g) 2 2004.6 8.6 10.9 0.7 4 4110.2 16.7 16.1 1.0 6 2085.5 11.6 14.4 0.9 8 1835.4 8.9 9.8 0.6

16. INTERCULTURE First weeding is done one month after planting and second one month after first weeding. Hoeing the crop just before the formation of bulbs (about two and a half months after sowing) helps in setting of bigger sized well filled bulbs. Pendimethaline @ 3.5 litres /ha + 1 hand weeding gives good control. The maximum bulb yield was found in weed free treatment, followed by Pendimethaline , whereas, minimum bulb yield was recorded in control. Therefore, manual weeding throughout season or the use of Pendimethaline @ 2.5 L/ ha is recommended for getting higher garlic yield ( Rahman et al ., 2012 ).

17. HARVESTING AND YIELD Garlic becomes ready for harvesting when its tops turn yellowish or brownish and show signs of drying up and bend over. It takes about 4-5 months after planting to reach maturity. The yields of bulbs vary from 100 to 200 q/ha depending upon variety and regions.

18. CURING: is an additional process of drying to remove the excess moisture for about a week in field and to allow the bulbs to become compact and go into dormant stage. SORTING and GRADING: The thick- necked, splitted , injured and diseased bulbs with hollow cloves are sorted out. Size grading is done after sorting. PACKAGING: In India, garlic bulbs are packed in open mesh jute bags for domestic use. Nylon-netted bags used for packing and further storage cause minimum losses in storage. STORAGE: Domestically garlic is stored above 18ºC and in dry condition to keep it dormant. Thoroughly cured garlic bulbs keep fairly well in ordinary ventilated room. Bulbs are stored for 6-7 months at relatively humidity higher than 70% at any temperature will develop moulds and start root growth. Cold storage of garlic is possible at 0-2.2°C temperature and 60-70% relative humidity.

19. PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS Sprouting is seen when there are winter rains or excessive soil moisture and nitrogen supply. Early-planting also causes sprouting. Splitting is due to delayed harvesting or irrigation after long spell of drought. It was observed that rubberification was totally controlled by application of micronutrients i.e. zinc sulphate and ammonium molybdate . It was also controlled by neem cake insecticides and growth regulator like GA.

20. ONION

21. KINGDOM: Plantae CLADE: Angiosperms CLADE: Monocots ORDER: Asparagales FAMILY: Alliaceae SUBFAMILY: Allioideae GENUS: Allium SPECIES: A. cepa

22. Onion is one of the most important commercial vegetable crops in India. Grown in rabi and kharif season. Maharastra, Gujarat, Uttra Pradesh, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh are the major onion growing states. The total annual area is estimated to be about 1203.57 thousand hectare and production is about 19401.63 metric tonnes . In Himachal Pradesh area is about 2.34 thousand hectare and 43.71 MT production (NHB, 2014). Onion is valued for its bulbs having characteristic odour , flavour and pungency, which is due to the presence of a volatile oil – allyl - propyl -disulphide. India is the second largest producer of onion in the world. INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE

23. Onion is used for treating digestion problems including loss of appetite, upset stomach, and for treating heart and blood vessel problems including chest pain (angina) and high blood pressure; and for preventing atherosclerosis. It is also used for treating sore mouth and throat , bronchitis, whooping cough, bronchitis, asthma, dehydration, intestinal gas, parasitic worms, and diabetes. Some people use it as a diuretic to increase urine output.

24. VARIETIES The onion varieties have been classified on the basis of size and skin colour . According to classification the onion can be divided in to two groups: Common onion Multiplier onion

25. VARIETY SOURCE CHARACTERS Pusa Red,Pusa Ratnar and Pusa Madhavi IARI Yield 25-40 tonnes /ha, good storage quality. Punjab Selection, Pu njab Red Round, Punjab Nayora PAU, Ludhiana Yield 20-30 tonnes /ha. N 53, N 2-4-1 Niphad Yield 15-20tonnes/ha, kharif season (BOTH) Baswant 780 MPKV Yield 20-25 tonnes /ha, kharif Arka Niketan , Arka Kalyan (KHARIF) and Arka Bindu IIHR Yield 25-33 tonnes /ha Agrifound Light Red, Agrifound Dark Red (KHARIF) and Agrifound Rose NHRDF YIELD 20-30 tonnes /ha Udaipur 101,103 UDAIPUR Univ. Yield 20-30 tonnes /ha Hissar II HAU, Hissar Yield 20 tonnes /ha Kalyan pur Red Round CSAUA& T, Kanpur 20 tonnes /ha RED COLOURED VARIETIES

26. WHITE COLOURED VARIETIES Pusa White Flat, Pusa White Round IARI Yield 30-35 tonnes /ha, TSS 11-13% Punjab 48, Punjab White PAU, Ludhiana Yield 30 tonnes /ha suitable for dehydration purpose Udaipur 102 Udaipur Univ. Yield 25-30 tonnes /ha, TSS 12%, suitable for dehydration N 257-9-1 Niphad Yield 25-30 tonnes /ha, suitable for dehaydration . YELLOW COLOURED ONION Early Grano , Brown Spanish (LD) IARI Yields 30-60 tonnes /ha Arka Pitamber IIHR Good keeping quality and free from splits and bolters Phule Swarna MPKV TSS 11.5%, yields 24 tonnes /ha

27. MULTIPLIER ONION Co 1,2,3,4 TNAU, Coimbatore Yield 12-18 tonnes /ha MDU 1 Madurai Campus of TNAU 15 tonnes /ha Agrifound Red Dindigal , NHRDF 18-20 tonnes /ha VARIETIES SUITABLE FOR H.P. Patna Red, N 53( Kharif ), Agrifound Dark Red, Brown Spanish, Palam Lohit , Nasik Red

28. Multiplier onion or potato onion ( Allium cepa var. aggregatum ) – producing small underground bulbs borne in clusters and generally propagated through small bulbs. Mainly used for seasoning curries. Shallot ( Allium cepa var. ascalonicum ) – Produces bulbs in clusters on surface of soil. This perennial onion rarely produces seeds and is propagated through bulbs. Tree onion or Egyptian onion ( Allium cepa var. viviparaum / proliferum ) – This viviparous plant produces cluster between 2-16 bulbletes at the top of the stem and resistant to all known pests and diseases of onion.

29. Onion prefers a well drained, loose and friable soil rich in humus. It is sensitive to high acidity and alkalinity and the ideal pH is 5.8 to 6.5. When pH drops below 5.5 , magnesium and molybdenum availability drops and above 6.5, zinc, manganese and iron become deficient. Sandy soil needs more and frequent irrigation and favour early maturity . In heavy soils , the bulbs produced may be deformed . Onion crop can be grown successfully on heavy soil with application of organic manure prior to planting. SOIL

30. CLIMATE The best performance can be obtained in a mild weather without the extremes of cold and heat and excessive rainfall (not more than 75-100cm) with 70% relative humidity. Plants at early stage can withstand the freezing temperature. Optimum temperature for seed germination should be 20-25ºC. Low temperature (13ºC-21ºC) + short photoperiods = vegetative growth. Relatively high temperature(20ºC-25ºC) + long photoperiods = bulb development. 25-30ºC for bulb maturation . Low temperature (<15ºC) for long period in bulb crop favours bolting which is not desirable. Long day varieties do not bulb under shot days where as short day varieties if planted under long days will develop early bulbs. There were no blubing at photoperiods below 11h, but bulbing thereafter increased progressively with increase in day length( Okporie et al ., 2008 ).

31. METHODS OF PLANTING The following three methods of planting are followed depending on soil, topography, climatic conditions and economic aspects: 1. Raising seedlings and transplanting 2. Planting bulbs directly in the field. 3. Broadcasting or drilling of seeds directly in the field.

32. PLANTING TIME (INDIA) SEASON TIME OF SOWING TIME OF TRANSPLANTING HARVESTING TME NORTH INDIA Rainy ( kharif ) May -June July-August November-December Winter ( rabi ) October-November December-January May-June MAHARASHTRA AND PARTS OF GUJRAT Kharif May-June July-August October-December Late kharif August-September September-October January-March Rabi November-December December-January April-June TAMILNADU, KARNATAKA AND ANDHRA PRADESH Early rainy( kharif ) April- May May-June August Rainy ( kharif ) May-June July-August October-November Winter ( rabi ) September-October November-December March-April

33. SEED RATE= 8-10kg/ha SETS These are small dry onion bulbs produced in the previous year. These mature 3-4 weeks earlier. Commercially used to produce early green onions but also used for dry bulb production SPACING 15cm between rows and 5-8cm between plant to plant. Transplanting on ridges is ideal for kharif onion crop.

34. The combination of 20cm × 10cm spacing with 2cm depth of planting gave significant higher yield (12.82 t/ha). Effects of spacing on the growth, yield and yield components of onion Treatments Bulb diameter (cm) Fresh weight of bulb (g) Dry matter content of bulb (%) Bulb yield kg/plot SPACING S1 (20cmx20cm) 4.25a 37.86a 10.90a 1.29b S2 (20cmx15cm) 3.86b 32.17b 9.56b 1.34b S3 (20cmx10cm) 3.47c 24.14c 9.09c 1.45a Sikder et al., 2010

35. Manures and fertilizers Onion is a heavy feeder of nitrogen and potash and a crop yielding 20-30 t/ha requires 60-150kg N, 35-150kg P 2 O 5 and 25-125kg K 2 O, Cu and B @13.4kg and 1.8kg/ha are beneficial in increasing the yield. The K requirement of onion plants increases with yield as its functions are linked to photosynthesis (Greenwood & Stone., 1998). Excess application of N causes excessive vegetative growth, delayed maturity, increase susceptibility to diseases, reduce dry matter contents and storability and ultimately reduce yield and quality bulbs (Brewster, 1994; Sørensen and Grevsen , 2001).

36. IRRIGATION Onion is mainly grown as a irrigated crop in India. Requirement of water varies with stages of crop. One irrigation is necessary immediately after transplanting. In kharif season= 8-10 irrigations. In late kharif crop-12-15 irrigations. In rabi crop- 15-20 irrigations are given. At bulb formation stage irrigation is necessary. In rabi season irrigation is stopped when top mature and start falling. In kharif season it should be stopped 10 days before harvesting.

37. 3 and 6 days irrigation interval are most suitable for onion production in the study area. Similarly, plant density of 500,000 plant/ha gives greater yield advantage( Muhammad et al ., 2011 ). Onion Bulb Yield (t/ha) as Affected by Irrigation Interval x Plant Density Interaction in the Two Years Combined. Treatments Plant density (plants/ha) Irrigation 160,000 200,000 250,000 350,000 500,000 3 10.02 10.31 11.91 11.28 13.50 6 10.35 10.42 12.97 12.91 13.66 9 9.71 9.87 11.34 11.33 12.05 12 8.01 8.11 9.411 9.33 10.12

38. WEEDING AND INTERCULTURE The critical period of crop-weed competition is between 4-8 weeks. Application of Alachlor ( Lasso) @ 2litres/ha or Pandimethalin (Stomp) @ 3 litres /ha in 750 litres of water before transplanting is beneficial for controlling weeds. 3 weeding are sufficient to harvest economic crop if performed 30, 50 and 75 days after transplanting. Three hand hoeings proved to be the best weed control practice. The herbicide pendimethaline performed equally good with the 3 hoeings ( Jilani et al ., 2007 ). The performance of pendimethalin was the best among all the herbicidal treatments followed by s- metolachlor . Therefore, pendimethalin is recommended @ 1.32 kg a.i ha -1  for significantly reducing the weeds population and enhancing the bulb yield in onion( Marwat et al ., 2005 ).

39. HARVESTING AND YIELD Harvest rabi onion one week after 50-70% neck fall. In kharif season, since tops do not fall, soon after the colour of leaves changes to slightly yellow and tops starts drying, the bulbs are harvested. Harvesting at this stage results in higher yield, longer storage life of bulbs and less neck rot. Traditional method of harvesting onions in New Zealand, where onions are lifted at 60–80% top‐down, the bulbs are field‐cured, and the foliage is removed after curing, is the simplest method and best compromise to ensure postharvest onion quality and successful storage( Wright et al ., 2001 ).

40. To hasten the maturity process, the tops can be rolled down with light weight roller when about 10% of the tops have fallen naturally. Late harvesting results in thick necked bulb, sunken and also poor storage life. The average yield of onion bulb is about 300- 400 quintals in rabi season and 200-250 quintals in kharif season.

41. DRYING AND CURING: Drying= removal of excess moisture, CURING= additional process aiding the development of skin colour and to remove field heat before bulbs are stored. In north India: for kharif season curing is required for 2-3 weeks with tops and for rabi , bulbs are cured in field for 3-5 days in windrow method, tops are cut, leaving 2-2.5cm above the bulb and then bulbs are again cured in shade for 7-10 days to remove the field heat. GRADING: Thick necked, bolted, doubles, injured and decayed bulbs are picked out. STORAGE: At all temperatures there was a gradual loss in weight, the loss at 32.3-35ºC was approximately twice than that at 0ºC. The onion bulbs can be stored at temperature of 23.9-29.4ºC or higher for 5-6 months without sprouting and without excessive loss of weight. In general the onion that has been stored at 0ºC sprouted much sooner after removal from storage than those stored at 33.2-35ºC. A temperature of 0ºC and arelative humidity of 65-70% has been recommended for successful storage.

42. Bolting: It refers to the emergence of seed stalk prior to time of their formation and adversely affects the formation and development of bulbs. The restricted and poor vegetative growth may also leads to bolting. It can be rectified by adjusting the time of transplanting in such a way that the crop may exposed to moderate temperature at bulbing . PHYSIOLOGICAL DISODER 2) Splitting/Doubling: Adverse environment condition and imbalanced nutrient supply causes splitting and doubling of bulbs.

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