Mastering the Basics of Communication.pptx

communication and TA

1. Mastering the Basics of Communication C ommunication is the power that sets you free

2. I ntended learning outcomes Communication Skills Theory and Practice Grammar: Tenses, Passive voice, Indirect Speech, Modals, Conditionals, Composition: Resume, Letters, Reports, Paragraphs. Performance assessment Discussions, Discussions, Feedback, Self assessment, Trainer assessment Infographic resources These can be used in the template, and their size and color can be edited Customizable icons They are sorted by theme so you can use them in all kinds of presentations

3. Course objectives pssr Develop communicative competency in students. Apply appropriate communication skills across settings and purposes. Use technology to communicate effectively in various settings and contexts. Evolve critical, interpretive, analytical and innovative thinking. Bring insights of literature into class. Build social interaction for effective relationships. Demonstrate appropriate and professional behaviour .

4. 01 02 03 04 05 06 Table of contents Definitions of Communication INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION HOW TO IMPROVE YOUR INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS BODY LANGUAGE IN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION HAPTICS (PHYSICAL CONTACT) PROXEMICS/ PERSONAL SPACE

5. 07 08 09 10 11 12 Table of contents CHRONEMICS SILENCE Barriers of communication Interpersonal conflict Personal appearance and communication Improving communication

6. Introduction Being able to communicate effectively is the most important of all life skills. Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another. This may be vocally (using voice), written (using printed or digital media such as books, magazines, websites or emails), visually (using logos, maps, charts or graphs) or non-verbally (using body language, gestures and the tone and pitch of voice)

7. First concepts 01 D efination of communication

8. AGENDA What is communication Filters in communication Effective communication Barriers to communication Listening vs Hearing Communication styles Communication with DISC styles

9. Objectives A2 Acquire Skills for Improving Learning A:A2.2 Demonstrate how effort and persistence positively affect learning A:A2.3 Use communications skills to know when and how to ask for help when needed A:A2.4 Apply knowledge and learning styles to positively influence school performance PS:A2 Acquire Interpersonal Skills PS:A2 . 6 Use effective communications skills PS:A2.7 Know that communication involves speaking, listening and nonverbal behavior

10. DEFINITION OF COMMUNICATION Communication can be defined in many ways. In simple terms communication is: Information transmitted A verbal or nonverbal message A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior

11. COMMUNICATION communication is the illusion that it \ fl. taken pla c What if communication were not possible? Frustration and Chaos!

12. T Communication is any behavior that results in an exchange of meaning '. T ' the process by which information is transmitted between two or more individuals so that understanding can occur between them'. NB: if the other person does not understand you, you have failed to communicate effectively

13. is the process by which people exchange information, feelings, and meaning through verbal and non- verbal messages usually in a face to face interaction. Interpersonal communication is not just about what is actually said - the language used - but how it is said and the non- verbal messages sent through body language. Improving your Interpersonal communication skills will help you to interact with other people better.

14. Awesome words

15. “This is a quote, words full of wisdom that someone important said and can make the reader get inspired.” —Someone Famous

16. A picture is worth a thousand words

17. Images reveal large amounts of data, so remember: use an image instead of a long text. Your audience will appreciate it A picture always reinforces the concept

18. ACTIVITY ' Think of a recent example in which you \ involved in a miscommunication and answ following questions: I ' \ Why did the miscommunication occur? What impact did it have? If you had a chance to do it over again, wha specifically would you do differently?

19. Do You Know? An average person spends 50% of communicating? his or her Business success is 85% dependent on effe c I t communication and interpersonal skills? 45% of time spent communicating is listening? Writing represents 9 % of communication time? \ 25% of all workplace mistakes are the result of poor communication? A remarkable 75% of communication is non- verbal?

20. \ \ \ Filters ' represent our perceptions \ everything we encounter and are based p \ the sum total of who we are Filters impact: How we see others, How we Interpret situations How we act and feel "We don't see things as they are, we see them as we are." Filters in Communication

21. ' Features of Effective Communi \ \ I Active Listening Eye contact Posture Simple language Questioning skills I I

22. The basics 02

23. Barriers to Communication

24. Listening VS Hearing Hearing - Physical process, natural, passi • ve Listening - - Physical as well as mental process, active, - learned process, a skill Listening is hard. You must choose to participate in the process of listening. I I

25. l Active Listening \ The process of recognizing, understanding : \ accurately interpreting communicated messages I responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages. \ Steps to Effective Listening: Hearing, - Interpretation (clear your mind) Evaluation - Respond (Give Verbal and non Verbal acknowledgement) Make eye contact - Adjust your body posture - Avoid distracting behaviours (you can't multitask) \ \ \

26. Roadblocks to Active Listening Emotional Interference Defensiveness Hearing only facts and not feelings Not Seeking clarification Hearing what is expected instead of what is said I 1 \. The 'halo' effect (i.e., the tendency for something to be influenced by a loosely associated factor) Automatic dismissal (e.g., "We've never done it that way before") Resistance to change

27. Communication Variables Differences between sender and receiver Attitudes - Information levels Communication skills Social systems - Sensory channel Differences in previous experiences Cultural differences Differences in communication styles

28. Summary What is Communication? Barriers to communication Communication filters Listening vs Hearing Communication Styles Communicating with DiSC Styles

29. Achieving Success Through Effective Business Communication

30. 1.. Learn why communication matters Identify skills today's employers expect Learn the audience-centered approach Assess the communication process Review communication technology Explore ethical communication

31. .- ---.• Marketplace communities ,.. .. Conversations, perceptions, and trends ,. , Productivity and problem solving .- =11111• Financial results and returns

32. .. Potential problems or issues L ' " Business decision making ... Marketing messages ' " Employee engagement and satisfaction '

33. Practical Factual Clear Concise Persuasive

34. UNIQUE CHALLENGES OF BUSINESS COMMUNICATION Globalization and diversity Business information value Pervasiveness of technology Organizational structures Growing reliance on teamwork

35. Knowledge workers Competitive Insights Customer needs Regulations and guidelines

36. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES AND LEADERSHIP STYLES Tall Flat Matrix Network

37. Organizational skills Information and ideas Active listening Communication diversity Communication technology

38. Writing and speaking skills Business etiquette Ethical communication Time management Lifelong learning

39. Sender generates an idea ............... ............................................. - ] Sender encodes a message """"""""- Sender produces a message =======- Sender transmits the message

40. Audience receives the message - ====- - - Audience decodes the message ] Audience responds to the message "==== Audience provides feedback

41. Noise and distractions Competing messages Message filtering Channel breakdowns EXTERNAL BARRIERS

42. AUDIENCE MINDSET / Receiving Decoding Responding

43. Traditional Social Scripted One- Way Directive Interactive Conversational Participative

44. Traditional approach Hybrid method Social media approach Strategic plans Policies Customer support Project updates

45. Business tools Business value

46. Information overload Technology addiction

47. Face- to-face contact Telephone conversations

48. Plagiarism Omitting information Selective misquoting

49. Misrepresenting numbers Distorting visuals Privacy and security

50. ETHICAL QUESTIONS Ethical dilemma Ethical lapse

51. Individual employees Company leadership Policies and structures

52. Promotions and contracts Employment messages Intellectual property Financial reporting Defamation Transparency

53. Leaders must be able to speak regularly and easily with others in order to persuade and influence people Leaders must be able to communicate effectively and must be able to: Listen with the ability to elicit information through effective questioning Build rapport quickly and effectively Adapt accordingly without missing a beat Effective communication

54. To begin Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System—it’s only a bit larger than the Moon Transmitter Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun. It’s hot and has a poisonous atmosphere Receiver

55. What is Communication? QUIZ: ' I 1. A process where information is exchang between at least two people resulting i common understanding I \ 2. The successful transfer of information in such a way that is received, understood and correctly acted upon

56. Goals of Communication To change behavior To get action To persuade To ensure understanding

57. Types of Communication M a s s Communication One- to- One Communication One- to- Group Communication Verbal Communication Non- Verbal Communication

58. Component of Communication Verbal Communication Vocal communication Non- verbal communication

59. Main concepts Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest of them all Channel Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun Message Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust Environment

60. - - - Common Non- Verbal Communication Looking at these photos, what are these people saying or doing without speaking?

61. Non- Verbal Communication in S

62. Non- Verbal Messages Our emotions leak through our facial expressions and bodily gestures Facial expressions tell us much about what someone is feeling, in particular the mouth and lips Eye contact is needed initially to establish interest. Avoidance of eye contact may indicate disinterest, guilt, or sometimes shyness People also reveal their attitudes by the way they stand or sit or move various parts of their bodies. People who lean forward in their seat to speak or listen indicate more interest in communicating with us than those who remain slouched in a chair. Nodding the head helps the flow of conversation as it reinforces the speaker.

63. COMMUNICATION TOOLS There are four basic communication tools: Listening Speaking Reading Writing ·- Of the above 1 which one are we not taught?

64. Barriers to Effective Listening We can think faster than a speaker can talk, and jump to conclu s ions We are distracted and allow our minds to wander We lose patience, and decide we are not interested We overreact to what's said and respond emotionally We interrupt I hl"I He p,.:lhwn wltt- .dhelld,..._ nn not... nowtD r 1 1 po 11 1 db1 1 . . : , he, .., 2 2 ? '11\,and ... .

65. Communication Styles When and Where Using slang amongst your friends may be okay; however, you must be able to adjust your communication style in other situations where you can convey your thoughts in a manner which is appropriate and understandable for the intended audience Expand your Vocabulary by challenging yourself to learn new words! READ A DICTIONARY!!

66. Listening Activity Delivering the Message Divide your students into two groups and have them stand on one side of your classroom Give the first student in line a memo to read, and tell them to memorize it. Once he or she has memorized the memo, take the memo away from them. Advise the first person to whisper what he read to the second person in line, Once the second person feels comfortable in what they heard, they will then tell the third person Continue this process until the message is shared with all students in that line At the end, ask the last student what message did he or she receive .... compare it to the original message. The key to this activity is to notice how a message can change once it is communicated to several people.

67. EVE CONTACT ACTIVITY Eye contact is a very important factor in effective communication. Seek volunteers to come forward and have them recite the alphabet as they walk around and make eye contact with every student in the classroom NOTE They must make eye contact with every student while reciting the alphabet. If they go too fast {before making eye contact with every student) then they must start over at the beginning of the alphabet .

68. Communication styles Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Passive Venus is the second planet from the Sun Assertive Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Manipulative Saturn is the only planet with rings Aggressive Mars is actually a very cold place Submissive Neptune is very far from the Sun Friendly

69. Communication Styles Dominance Bottom Line Outspoken & ...._ ,.._ Influence @ Talkative ,tt Humorou s & Enthu s ia s tic - Conscientiousness Cautious A11alytica l & Detail-Oriented Steadiness Friendly Helpful & Patient

70. Dami nant Style \ \ I \ Value control. Driven by a strong inner need to lead/achieve \ I results. Take- charge people who seek to reach goals. Focus on results rather than process. Tend to downplay feelings and emotions. Sometimes viewed as "unfeeling

71. Influence Style I Crave action and an energetic pace. \ Seek opportunities to "shine" or to be " on stage." I Relationships take priority over tasks. Focus is on outcomes. \ Try to influence others with optimism and friendliness. Recognition and approval are strong motivators

72. Steadiness Style... Easy going and relationship focused. Value security. ' I Work to maintain stable relationships/environme Find change difficult. Reliable and good at follow- through. Appreciate respect from others. Value others' respect of them

73. Conscientious Goal-oriented; driven to be precise and controlled \ \ Can seem uncomfortable at expressing or dealing wi \ I \ Logical thinkers who value accuracy and organization. \. Like to think through tasks before starting. Feel a need to do things themselves. Perfectionists and strong desire for things to be "righ emotions.

74. Think About it ... When we work with people whose natural communication style is different than our own, 1 what are the potential conflicts?

75. Dominance Styles ... So you .. . are concerned with being #1 think logically want facts and highlights strive for results like changes prefer to delegate want notice of accomplishments need to be in charge reflect a tendency toward conflict Communicating with Dominance S 1 Focus on the Fact First! \ I \ 1 I l way support, guide, maintain display reasoning provide concise data \ agree on goal, then get o I ut allow them to "do their own t modify workload focus compliment on achievement set parameters, let them .A;G : " argue with facts, not

76. Communicating with Influence St Focus on the Relationship First! Influence Styles... So you ... are concerned with approval seek enthusiastic situations think emotionally want general expectations need contact with people like change/innovation want others to notice them need help getting organized dislike conflict like action and stimulation want feedback that they look good \ ' show them you admire l i I be optimistic/upbeat set'ti support their feelings \ focus on big picture interact/participate with the vary routine compliment them often do it together avoid arguing on a personal keep up a fast, lively pac provide positive feedb ck

77. Steadiness Styles... So you ... Communicating with Steadiness St . Focus on the Relationship First! \ I I \ \ ► ► ► ► ► ► ► are concerned with stability think logically want documentation/facts like personal involvement need step-by- step sequence want notice of perseverance avoid risks/ changes dislike conflict accommodate others like calmness/peace enjoy teamwork want to be appreciated \ I \ show how to minimize risk show reasoning \ provide data, proof demonstrate personal interest \ walk through instructions compliment steady follow- thr ' u give personal assurances act non- aggressively allow them to support others provide friendly atmosphere provide cooperative grouP, acknowledge their hel manner

78. Steadiness Styles.. . think logically seek data need to know the process use caution want notice of their accuracy gravitate toward quality control avoid conflict need to be right like to contemplate do not like aggressive approaches Communicating with Conscientiou Focus on the Fact First! \ I 1 So you ... \\ \ use an 1 . n d. 1rect, non- t h reat \ en approach show reasoning give it in writing provide explanation/rationale \ allow them to th i nk, inquire, c h ec compliment them on thoroughness let them assess/be involved in proce use tact to gain clarification/assistance allow time to find "correct" alfSWI tell them the "why" an

79. Best strategies 03 You can enter a subtitle here if you need it

80. HOW TO IMPROVE YOUR INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS There are many tools available to help you improve your interpersonal communication skills. The better you become at using these tools, the better you'll be at communicating with other people. The two primary categories of these tools are verbal and nonverbal tools.

81. People judge you by the words you use, and this is true because words are a way of expressing yourself. Words have power. They have the power to build and they have the power to destroy as wel I. Avoid using slang words or slurs of any type which will make people to think negatively of you.

82. Your vocabulary can reveal to others how educated you are and others may make judgments about you that can affect your opportunities with them. The best communicators will use an expanded vocabulary with more educated groups and a more basic vocabulary with less-educated groups. An expanded vocabulary will help you express yourself better

83. It is the act of articulating words correctly in terms of how they sound.. Pronouncing a word incorrectly can lead to embarrassment yet it is something that can be avoided.. Examples of words usually pronounced incorrectly are; JEOPARDY CHASSIS COIFFURE DHOW... etc

84. It is the ability to convey information in a brief and concise manner. It requires you to stop beating about the bush and go straight to the point. Brevity requires you to leave out any irrelevant details Brevity shows that you respect and value the other person's time. Former US president Franklyn D. Roosevelt once said \\BE SINCERE, BE BRIEF, BE SEATED"

85. The emotions you communicate while speaking are vital. The key here is to show emotion without \\getting emotional. 11 Emotions can be a very effective communicator. For example, showing anger can communicate that you are very serious about something. For example summons on hell- fire Emotions allow you to put more of you into what you say. COMMUNICATION IS 20% WHAT YOU KNOW AND 80% WHAT YOU FEELABOUTWHATYOU KNOW..

86. Listening is about giving your attention to sound or actions. When listening, you must hear what others are saying, and trying to understand what it means and then respond accordingly A good listener has the following attributes; Does not interrupt the speaker .... AVOIDS distractions +- Faces the speaker and maintains eye contact +- Give feedback through body language and paralinguistics +- Tries to feel the speakers emotions etc

87. BODY LANGUAGE IN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION Body language is a type of non- verbal communication that relies on body movements such as gestures, posture and facial expressions to convey messages. It can be used consciously or unconsciously and may accompany verbal messages or serve as a substitute for speech

88. Having and sustaining eye contact with someone is a sign of interest and sincerity Posture is the manner in which communicating with someone you sit or stand when For example when you talk to someone and he or she is leaning towards the door.... It means they are in a hurry

89. 2) HAPTICS (PHYSICAL CONTACT) It involves touch or physical contact as an element of communication. However touch is a very sensitive element and some people react angrily to touches they perceive as intrusive or harassment. A handshake is the most common form of physical contact that acts as a sign of goodwill when greeting someone. A hug can be used to comfort a grieving person or as a welcome or goodbye - + Holding hands is a sign of a strong bond or intimacy between persons

90. EXAMPLES OF TOUCH OR HAPTICS••••••

91. 3) PROXEMICS/ PERSONAL SPACE _. It refers to the physical distance between two people in a social, family or work environment. _. The distance between 2 people can tell you the nature of their relationship. (whether it good or bad) we feel very awkward or annoyed when someone invades our personal space ( for example by standing too close) - + But you also wonder why your friend is sitting or standing far away from you. .,. how you handle personal space depends on your culture, the social situation, gender, your relationship with the other person and your intention...

92. PERSONAL SPACE IN ACTION.....

93. TIPS TO REMEMBER ON PERSONAL SP ACE - + Never lean over someone else's shoulder to read or view something unless you have been invited to do so - + Never go through someone's personal belongings.. This would be an invasion of personal space - + Do not fling your arm around someone's shoulder or pat someone on the back unless you know each other very well - + When someone leans away from you, you are probably in that person's intimate space... you need to step back - + Do not enter a room or office without knocking first. That room or office is someone's personal space..

94. 4) CHRONEMICS How is time used to communicate? - + What does it mean to you when someone is always late to your meeting? - + When a person arrive late for an appointment, it may convey something positive or negative depending on his status or authority compared to the other person he i s meeting with. - + If you arrive late for an interview, it implies that you lac k personal integrity and therefore you don't value the interview. - + However VIPs tend to arrive late at events they have been invited to show their status and authority to the congregation.

95. 5) SILENCE ''speech is silver; silence is golden." - + Keepin g quiet can communicate contentment, awkwardness, anger, respect, thoughtfulness, empathy etc. depending on the situation. - + Posi t iv e silence relates to someone who uses silence as a tool of communication to promote, to solidify or to maintain the existing relationship. For example during a wedding a priest asks the audience if they have an y objections to the bride and bridegroom. The silence from the audience indicate their support for the wedding. - + Negative silence involves isolating, ignoring, disagreeing etc which would destroy or melt awa y th e existing goodwill and interaction between people.

96. TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

97. INTRODUCTION The study of human behaviour is very complex and complicated concept. It is affected by the psychological factors such as perception, learning, peronality and motivation. In addition to these factors, individual behaviour affects and affected by the behaviour of others. One of the major problems in the study of organisational behaviour is to analyse and improve, the interpersonal relationships. One basic approach to study interpersonal relations in an organisational system is transactional analysis. This analysis deals with understanding, predicting and controlling interpersonal relationships.

98. TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS It was introduced by Eric Berne. Transactional analysis is a technique used to help people better understand their own and other’s behaviour, especially in interpersonal relationships. It is a good method for understanding interpersonal behaviour. It offers a model of personality and the dynamics of self and its relationship to others that makes possible a clear and meaningful discussion of behaviour.

99. TA was formulated by ERIC BERNE (1960s) Berne’s Games People Play(1964) & Thomas Harris’s I’m OK You’re OK(1947) Eric Berne was born n 1910 in Montreal, Canada TA is a model of psychotherapy and theory of personality which integrates psychoanalytic concept with humanistic philosophy

100. HISTORY 1955-1962 – First Phase Developed Concept Of Ego States. 1962-1966 - Second Phase he concentrated on ideas about games and transactions. 1966-1970- Third Phase He emphasized the reasons some individuals choose to play certain games in life. 1970 – Onwards He emphasised action and energy distribution

101. View Of Human Nature TA is an optimistic theory Its basic assumption is the people can change despite any unfortunate events of the past TA is also anti- anti deterministic, believing that people have choices in their lives

102. BASIC PHILOSOPHICAL ASSUMPTIONS People are born OK: psychological disturbances is acquired. People are capable of thinking independently(unless severely brain damaged) People are responsible for the decision they made, and their consequences.

103. Transactional analysis is primarily concerned with following: Analysis of self awareness Analysis of ego states Analysis of transactions Script analysis Games analysis Analysis of life positions stroking

104. 1. ANALYSIS OF SELF AWARENESS The interpersonal relationships are composed of interself. Self is the core of personality pattern which provides integration. Self awareness is an important concept, it describes the self in terms of image, both conscious and unconscious. Joseph Luft and Harrington have developed a diagram to look at one’s personality including behaviours and attitudes that can be known and unknown to self and known and unknown to others. This diagram is known as the JOHARI WINDOW. It comprising of 4 parts.

105. JOHARI WINDOW OPEN (known to others and also self) BLIND (unknown to self but known to others) HIDDEN (known to self but unknown to others) UNKNOWN (unknown to self and unknown to others)

106. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS – understanding what is happening within the individual. TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS – Describing what happens between two or more people. GAME ANALYSIS – understanding transactions between individuals that lead to bad feelings. SCRIPT ANALYSIS – understanding the life plan that an individual is following

107. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Berne defines an ego state is “a consistent pattern of feeling and experience directly related to a corresponding consistent pattern of behavior” Ego States are dynamic aspects of personality Exteropsyche - Parent Neopsyche - Adult Archeopsyche - Child

108. 2. ANALYSIS OF EGO STATES The ego plays an important role in human behaviour. People interact with each other in terms of psycological positions or behavioural patterns known as ego states. Ego states are person’s way of thinking, feeling and behaving at any time. There are 3 important ego states. Ego states: child, adult and parent. A person of any age have these ego states in varying degree. A healthy person is able to move from one ego state to another.

109. THE EGO STATES Personality PARENT ADULT CHILD

110. Typical Behaviors Advising Criticizing Ordering Telling Fault Finding Moralizing Scolding Nurturing Caring Loving Fact Finding Questioning Analyzing Problem Solving Helping Cooperating Planning Coordinating Scheduling Thinking Laughing Crying Sulking Being Frightened Playing Enjoying Dancing Curiosity Obeying Dependent PARENT ADULT CHILD

111. 2. Adult ego state: The adult ego state is authentic, direct, reality based, fact seeking and problem solving. They assume that human beings as equal, worthy and responsible. The process of adult ego state formation goes through one’s own experiences and continuously updating attitudes left over from childhood. People with adult ego state, gather relevant information, carefully analyse it, generate alternatives and make logical choices . 3.Child ego state: the child ego state is characterized by very immature behaviour. The important features of child ego state are creativity, anxiety, depression, dependence, fear, joy, emotional sentimental etc.

112. 1.CHILD EGO STATE First ego state to develop is the child, which is that part of personality characterized by child like behaviours and feelings. The child ego state is the archive of a person’s total life experience to date, moments of which may be evoked and re-experienced in the present. When we are in the child ego state we act like child we once were. The ego states are fully experienced states of being, not just roles.

113. 3 Types - Natural Child - When the child is hateful or loving, impulsive, spontaneous or playful, self centered. Adapted Child – the complaining part of personality that confirms wishes and demands of parental figures Little Professor – when it is thoughtful, creative or imaginative

114. 1. parent ego state: The parent ego state means that the values, attitudes and behaviours of parents an integral part of the personality of an individual. These people tend to talk to people and treat others like children. The characteristics of a person with parent ego state are: Judgemental Rule maker Moralising Over protective indispensable

115. 2. PARENTAL EGO STATE The parent ego state incorporates the attitudes and behaviours (the don’ts, should, and ought) of parental figures In the parent ego state ‘ introjected ’ parent figures from the past are evoked in the present. They are the beliefs, mannerisms and emotional responses of an actual parent from the past Outwardly the messages are delivered through prejudice, criticism, and nurturing behaviour

116. Parental Ego State: Nurturing Parent – who comforts praises and aids others. Critical Parent – who finds fault, displays prejudices, disapproves and prevents others from feeling good about themselves.

117. 3. ADULT EGO STATE The adult ego state is the congruent, aware person attuned to themselves and their environment , who responds congruently without the contamination of parental prejudice or childhood fantasy When the adult ego is in control, people behave in a thinking, rational, calculating, factual, unemotional manner.  The adult gathers information, reasons things out, estimate probabilities and makes decision with cool and calm behavior. When communicating in the adult ego state, you avoid becoming the victim of the other person by controlling your response to the situation.

118. Generally, the most effective behavior, human relations, and performance come from the adult ego state.  When interacting with others, you should be aware of their ego state . 

119. 151 BASIC HUMAN EGO STATES ( PERSONALITY STATES) THREE BASIC EGO STATES FURTHER BREAKDOWN OF EGO STATES P (PARENT) A (ADULT) C (CHILD) CRITICAL PARENT NURTURING PARENT ADULT ADAPTED CHILD NATURAL CHILD LECTURING, CRITICIZING, MANY “OUGHTS”, “SHOULD” &”DON’TS” CONSOLING, “TAKING CARE” OF OTHERS, SYMPATHY OBJECTIVE, RATIONAL, ORIENTED TOWARD PROBLEM SOLVING, DE-EMPHASIZE EMOTION MODIFIED BEHAVIOUR TO CONFORM TO ADULT EXPECTATIONS, MANUPULATIVE, SUMBISSIVE PLAYFUL, IMPULSIVE, NATULRALLY CURIOUS &CREATIVE, FUN LOVING, REBELLIOUS

120. 3.ANALYSIS OF TRANSACTIONS A transaction is a basic unit of social interaction. The heart of transactional analysis is the study and diagramming of the exchanges between two persons. Thus where a verbal or non verbal stimulus from one person is being responded by another person a transaction occurs. Transactional analysis can help us to determine which ego state is most heavily influencing our behaviour and the behaviour of the other people with whom we interact.

121. Depending on the ego states of the persons involved in transactions, there may be three types of transactions: 1.Complementary transactions: Both people are operating from the same ego state. There can be nine complementary transactions. They are given below: Adult-Adult transactions Adult-Parent transactions Adult-Child transactions Parent-Parent transactions Parent-Adult transactions Parent-Child transactions Child-Parent transactions Child-Adult transactions Child-Child transactions

122. Typical Behaviors Advising Criticizing Ordering Telling Fault Finding Moralizing Scolding Nurturing Caring Loving Fact Finding Questioning Analyzing Problem Solving Helping Cooperating Planning Coordinating Scheduling Thinking Laughing Crying Sulking Being Frightened Playing Enjoying Dancing Curiosity Obeying Dependent PARENT ADULT CHILD

123. 1.CHILD EGO STATE First ego state to develop is the child, which is that part of personality characterized by child like behaviours and feelings. The child ego state is the archive of a person’s total life experience to date, moments of which may be evoked and re-experienced in the present. When we are in the child ego state we act like child we once were. The ego states are fully experienced states of being, not just roles.

124. 3 Types - Natural Child - When the child is hateful or loving, impulsive, spontaneous or playful, self centered. Adapted Child – the complaining part of personality that confirms wishes and demands of parental figures Little Professor – when it is thoughtful, creative or imaginative

125. 2. PARENTAL EGO STATE The parent ego state incorporates the attitudes and behaviours (the don’ts, should, and ought) of parental figures In the parent ego state ‘ introjected ’ parent figures from the past are evoked in the present. They are the beliefs, mannerisms and emotional responses of an actual parent from the past Outwardly the messages are delivered through prejudice, criticism, and nurturing behaviour

126. Parental Ego State: Nurturing Parent – who comforts praises and aids others. Critical Parent – who finds fault, displays prejudices, disapproves and prevents others from feeling good about themselves.

127. 3. ADULT EGO STATE The adult ego state is the congruent, aware person attuned to themselves and their environment , who responds congruently without the contamination of parental prejudice or childhood fantasy When the adult ego is in control, people behave in a thinking, rational, calculating, factual, unemotional manner.  The adult gathers information, reasons things out, estimate probabilities and makes decision with cool and calm behavior. When communicating in the adult ego state, you avoid becoming the victim of the other person by controlling your response to the situation.

128. Generally, the most effective behavior, human relations, and performance come from the adult ego state.  When interacting with others, you should be aware of their ego state . 

129. 163 BASIC HUMAN EGO STATES ( PERSONALITY STATES) THREE BASIC EGO STATES FURTHER BREAKDOWN OF EGO STATES P (PARENT) A (ADULT) C (CHILD) CRITICAL PARENT NURTURING PARENT ADULT ADAPTED CHILD NATURAL CHILD LECTURING, CRITICIZING, MANY “OUGHTS”, “SHOULD” &”DON’TS” CONSOLING, “TAKING CARE” OF OTHERS, SYMPATHY OBJECTIVE, RATIONAL, ORIENTED TOWARD PROBLEM SOLVING, DE-EMPHASIZE EMOTION MODIFIED BEHAVIOUR TO CONFORM TO ADULT EXPECTATIONS, MANUPULATIVE, SUMBISSIVE PLAYFUL, IMPULSIVE, NATULRALLY CURIOUS &CREATIVE, FUN LOVING, REBELLIOUS

130. TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS These are the basic unit of communication. Transactions occur when a person relates to another person Each transaction is made up of a stimulus and a response Within ego states there are three different  types of transaction:  complementary, crossed, and ulterior

131. Two basic levels of transactions: Social level – which is observable Psychological level – which is sensed. A basic rule of communication is that when transactions are made at both levels, the outcome will be determined at the ulterior, psychological level

132. 1.Complementary Transaction Both persons are operating either from the same ego state or from complementary ego states. Responses are predictable and appropriate.

133. Crossed Transaction An inappropriate ego state is activated, producing an unexpected response. Crossed transactions hurt. Persons tend to withdraw from each other or switch topics

134. Ulterior Transaction Transaction is one in which two ego states operates simultaneously and one message disguises the other. They appear to be complementary and socially acceptable even though they are not

135. 2. Crossed transactions: a crossed transaction is one in which the sender sends message a behaviour on the basis of his ego state, but this message is reacted to by an unexpected ego state on the part of the receiver. Crossed communication should be avoided as far as possible. Whenever such transactions occur, communication tends to blocked and a satisfactory transaction is not accomplished. 3.Ulterior transactions: two ego states within the same person but one disguises the other one.

136. 4. SCRIPT ANALYSIS In a layman’s view ,a script is the text of play, motion picture, or a radio or TV programme. In transactional analysis a person’s life is compared to a play and the script is the text of the play. According to Eric Berne,” a script is an ongoing programme, developed in early childhood under parental influence which directs the individual behaviour in the most important aspects of his life. A script is a complete plan of living, offering prescriptions, permissions and structure which makes one winner or loser in life.

137. 5. ANALYSIS OF LIFE POSITIONS In the process of growing up people make basic assumptions about their own self worth as well as about the worth of significant people in their environment. The combination of assumptions about self and the other person called as life position. Transactional analysis constructs the following classifications of the four possible life positions or psychological positions: I am OK,, you are OK. I am OK, ,you are not OK. I am not OK,, you are OK. I an not OK,, you are not OK

138. I am OK, you are OK: It appears to be an ideal life position. People with this type of life position have confidence in themselves as well as trust and confidence in others. I am OK, you are not OK: This is a distrustful psychological positions. This is the attitude of those people, who think that whatever they do is correct. : I am not OK, you are OK This is a common position for those people who feel power less when they compare themselves to others. I am not OK,, you are not OK: people in this position tend to feel bad about themselves and see the whole world as miserable. They do not trust others and have no confidence in themselves.

139. 7. GAMES ANALYSIS When people fail to get enough strokes at work they try a variety of things. One of the most important thing is that they play psychological games. A psychological game is a set of transaction with three characteristics: The transaction tend to be repeated. They make sense on superficial or social level. One or more transactions is ulterior.

140. GAME ANALYSIS Games are ulteriorly motivated transactions that appear complementary on the surface but end in bad feelings . Games are a series of transactions with a familiar pattern and predictable outcome. Those who are involved start out in one of three classical game roles : - Persecutor, Rescuer or Victim. A game is characterized by the sudden switching of roles and the collection of a payoff.

141. Types of games: A first degree game is one which is socially acceptable in the agent’s circle. A second degree game is one which more intimate end up with bad feelings. A third degree game is one which usually involve physical injury.

142. 6.STROKING Stroking is an important aspects of the transactional analysis. The term stroke refers to “giving some kind of recognition to others.” People need strokes for their sense of survival and well being on the job. Lack of stroking can have negative consequences both on physiological and psychological well being of a person. There are three types of strokes:

143. STROKE These games are played outside awareness as a means of generating familiar, often negative, unit of recognition or ‘stroke’ Stroke – the fundamental unit of social action A stroke is a unit of recognition, when one person recognizes another person either verbally or non verbally. In infancy strokes are essential for survival and comes mainly from close physical contact with a primary parent figures.. Later strokes are symbolized by word and gestures.

144. Spitz observed that infants deprived of handling – in other words, not receiving any strokes – were more prone to emotional and physical difficulties. Berne took Spitz’s observations of these infants and developed theories about the needs of adults for strokes. Berne postulated that adults need physical contact just like infants, but have learned to substitute other types of recognition instead of physical stimulation. Berne also reasoned that any stroke, be it positive or negative, is better than no strokes at all.

145. SCRIPT ANALYSIS Everyone makes a life script or life plan, early in childhood, by the age of five. Life scripts is constructed in infancy in response to parental influence. The scripts passes from consciousness but it is often faithfully acted out. Infants, depends on parental figures for survival, reach conclusions based on themselves and others on the basis of perceived messages from parents and adapt accordingly .

146. Positive messages given to a child function as permissions and do not limit people in any way. Negative messages or injunctions , are more powerful and may become the basis for destructive scripts The script decisions in response to these messages reflect a fundamental belief about the self in relation to others .

147. Life Positions I’m ok You’re ok I’m not ok You’re not ok

148. 1.Positive strokes: the stroke one feel good, is a positive stroke. Recognition, approval are some of the examples. 2. Negative strokes: a stroke one feel bad or not good is a negative stroke. negative strokes hurt physically or psychologically. 3.Mixed strokes: a stroke may be of a mixed type also. Example :the boss comment to a worker “you did an excellent job inspite your limited experience.

149. BENEFITS AND UTILITY OF TRANSACATIONAL ANALYSIS Improved interpersonal communication. Source of positive energy. Understanding ego state. motivation. Organisational development

150. ROLE OF THERAPIST Initial role of being a teacher TA uses treatment contracts, the therapist make contracts with the client.

151. GOALS TA focuses on helping clients transform themselves from ‘frogs’ into ‘princes’ and ‘princesses’. It is emphasis is on attaining health and autonomy. Help individuals to identify and restore distorted or damaged ego states The major emphasis of TA is on learning about the self in order to decide who one wishes to become

152. TECHNIQUES 1. TREATMENT CONTRACT A specific , concrete contract that emphasizes agreed upon responsibilities for both counsellor and client 2. INTERROGATION Speaking to a client’s adult state until the counsellor receives an adult response 3. EXPLANATION Occurs on an adult to adult ego state level. The counsellor teaches the client about some aspects of TA

153. 4. ILLUSTRATION Enlightens the client or elaborate a point 5. CONFIRMATION Used when previously modified behaviour occurs again and the therapist points this out to the client 6. INTERPRETATION Involves the therapist’s explanation to the child ego state of the client the reasons for the client’s behaviour

154. 7. CRYSTALLIZATION Consists of an adults - to – adults transactions in which the client comes to an awareness that individuals game playing may be given up if so desired 8. CONFRONTATION It involves the therapist’s pointing out inconsistencies in the client’s behaviour or speech

155. STAGES OF TREATMENT 1 st Stage Establishing a work alliance, mapping the nature problem and negotiating a preliminary contract 2 nd Stage De-contamination of the adult ego state The therapist help the client to identify the parental prejudices and childhood fantasies that they have used to distort reality and reign force their life script

156. 3 rd Stage De- confusing the child ego state and developing an internal nurturing parent It is important to establish that they have decided to keep themselves safe, act safely with others and stay touch with the reality 4 th Stage Integration of new decisions and bringing to a close therapeutic relation ship. This stage often involves the client reviewing other relationships, discovering disowned aspects of their authentic self and experimenting with new ways of being

157. Transactional Analysis applies to different levels:- The clinical side of therapy. The analysis of personality. The interpersonal communication. The group dynamics. The organization analysis (organizational theory of Eric Berne). Used in the domains of education, consulting, training, coaching, recruitment, skills assessment and organization.

158. Transactional Analysis Provides Simple Yet Powerful Ways To: Increase understanding in communication with others Deal with stress and change healthily Handle and resolve conflict Understand human behaviour Gain autonomy and build self-esteem

159. STRENGTHS The approach uses terms that are easily understood and clearly defined. The approach is easily and collectively companied with other more action – oriented approaches The approach puts the responsibility of change on the client The approach is goal- directed

160. CRITICISMS The approach has been criticized for its primary cognitive orientation. The approach is criticized for its simplicity, structure, and popularity The research behind the approach is relatively weak. The approach has not developed much after Berne’s death in 1970

161. SUMMARY HISTORY VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE ROLE OF THERAPIST GOALS TECHNIQUES TREATMENT APPLICATION STRENGTHS CRITICISMS

162. Reference www.ericberne.com/transactional-analysis/ accessed date:28/2/16 Time: 2.30 pm www.counselling-directory.org.uk/transactional analysis.html date: 28/2/16 Time: 4.00 pm http://www.transactional-analysis.info/menuglossaire.html Date: 28/2/16 Time: 4.30 pm Stein M Samuel. Essentials of psychotherapy. Oxford Auckland Boston Johannesburg Melbourne. New Delhi. Gladding ,T. Samuel Counseling A Comprehensive Profession. Indian edition published by Dorling Kindersley India pvt ltd 2009