Mastitis The Most Common Large Animal Disease.ppt

it discuss deeply about mastitis in cattle and its points

1. Abhijith S.P.
M.V.Sc Veterinary Medicine

3. Inflammation of the mammary gland and udder.
It usually occurs as an immune response to bacterial
invasion of the teat canal and can also occur as a result
of chemical, mechanical, or heat injury to the udder.
Mastitis can occur as easily recognizable clinical
mastitis, or mastitis can exist within the herd in its
subclinical form, with few, if any, symptoms present
MASTITIS

4. In India, every hour we face
loss of 67 lakh due to mastitis.
It is proved by the reports that the annual
economic losses due to bovine mastitis has
increased 135 folds
in about almost 5 decades from 1962 (INR 529
million/annum) to 2009 (INR
71655.1million/annum).

7. BASIC ANATOMY OF
UDDER

19. PREDISPOSIN
G FACTORS

22. •Through Teat canal
•Through wounds caused by any trauma
•Contaminated cups of milking machines
•Milkers hand
•Farm utensils
•Contagious pathogens that cause mastitis tend to live on the cow's udder and teat skin
and transfer from affected cow (or quarter) to unaffected cow (or quarter) during milking
They adhere easily to the skin, colonizing the teat end and then 'grow' into the teat canal.
•Environmental mastitis pathogens - present in the housing and bedding - can transfer
during milking or between milkings, when the cow is loafing, eating or lying down. The
pathogen can enter the teat canal by force during milking

23. Clinical Mastitis
Clinical mastitis is characterized by visible
signs of inflammation, such as swelling,
redness, and heat in the udder. Milk may
also appear abnormal, such as thick,
clotted, or watery.
Subclinical Mastitis
Subclinical mastitis is a more subtle form
of the disease. It does not have any visible
signs but can still affect milk production
and cow health. It is often detected through
milk analysis.

24. CONTAGIOUS
MASTITIS
ENVIRONMENTAL
MASTITIS

28. •The teat canal is lined by the same type of epithelium that covers the teat ,this
epithelium seems to secrete a type of smegma (rich in fatty acids) and inhibits the
streptococci.
•The three phases of mastitis are:

29. •Swelling of udder, heat, hardness, redness, or pain.
•Animal will not allow touching the udder and will kick while touching it.
•Swollen and reddening of teats.
•Milk mixed with blood.
•Milk mixed with yellow or brown fluid with flakes or clots with foul smelling.
•Reduced milk yield.
•The milk such as a watery appearance, flakes, clots, or pus.
•The degree of illness and the symptoms present will depend on many factors, such as the
nutritional or immune status of the cow, which pathogen is responsible for the inflammation, and a
range of environmental factors such as cleanliness, humidity and ambient temperature.

31. DIAGNOSIS

34. •Determine animal temperature, pulsation, respiration, superficial
mucous membranes and superficial lymph nodes.
•1. Presence or absence of systemic reaction (septicemia and
bacteremia.)
•2. Detect specific signs for specific diseases.

35. 1. Inspection: observe udder from rear, front and sides.
Normal
udder appear symmetric, one mass, without any abnormalities and hind
quarters larger than fore quarter.
Abnormal
a) Swelling in one or more quarters or atrophy.
b) Presence of vesicle, ulcers, scar and wound as in cases of FMD, Pox.

36. 2. Palpation:
Normally
Udder appear as fine grains or spongy when free from milk
no cardinal signs of inflammation,
Pliable skin
Supramammary lymph node not felt.
Abnormally
Coarse grains and spongy when contain milk due to clotted milk in case of chronic
inflammation,
cardinal signs of inflammation
not pliable skin (adherence to underlying tissue)
enlarged and inflamed supramammary lymph node.

40. A) Colour:
Normally is White in buffalo and whitish yellow in cow
Physiological Discoloration
Yellow: ration contain high carotene, Colostrum, Some breeds as Jersey cow.
Blood stained: high producing animal.
Pathological Discoloration
Red: Dicumarol toxicity, Leptospirosis, Staphylococcosis, Klebsiella
Green: Corynebacterium
Yellow: Most of bacterial Mastitis.

41. •B. Odor Normally milky Odor
Abnormally
•
①
Fetid (Putrefied) Odor: Gangrenous Mastitis, Dry cow Mastitis .
•
②
Faecal Odor: Coliform Mastitis.
•
③
Acetone Odor: Ketosis .
•
④
Rancid Odor: Milking in bad ventilated place or leaving milk for 2 days in environment after milking .
•⑤Antiseptic Odor: excessive dipping of teat.
•Consistency: Normally Milky consistency
Abnormally:
•
①
Watery milk (decrease consistency) >Streptococcal mastitis .
•
②
Increase consistency > corynebacterial mastitis.

45. E.coli infection serus
exudate from bovine
udder in left and
normal milk in right.

46. Immunodiffusion assay, Radial immunodiffusion
Used to measure serum albumin level which increase in mastitic milk
due to injury of udder.

47. Elevation in levels of ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium,
magnesium and chloride during inflammation.
Can be detected by Hand held mastitis detector, as well as by
•EC-meter.
Milk samples with EC ≤ 250 are considered to be from healthy and
uninfected quarters, whereas, those with EC ≥ 300 are considered to
be from SCM suspected quarters.
Advantage: can be used ‘on-site’.
Disadvantage: non-mastitis-related variations in EC.
Excess urea in the feed

48. Normally 6.4 – 6.8 (average 6.6)
During mastitisbecome alkalineduetohigh
sodium, chloride and bicarbonate and low casein, lactose and fat
Buffalo’s milk - from 6.6 to 6.9.
Detectionby: pH meter,Bromothymol blue test and
Bromocresol purple tests
Advantages: user friendly, cost effective and rapid.
Disadvantage: not as sensitive as other tests.

49. Hotis test: used to differentiate
between Strept. agalactia and Staph.
aureus
Streptococcus agalactiae, if present in
the milk will produce
canary yellow colonies along the side of
test tube.

50. •The California mastitis test 
(
CMT) is a simple
 cow-side indicator of
the
 somatic cell count of milk.
•It operates by disrupting the
 cell membrane of any cells present in the milk
sample, allowing the
 DNA in those cells to react with the test reagent, forming
a
 gel. 
•It provides a useful technique for detecting
 subclinical cases of mastitis.
•The California Mastitis Test (CMT) is a diagnostic tool to aid in the quick
diagnosis of mastitis in dairy cows, and for an udder health management
program.
•The CMT is performed to;
•1)Detect the presence of subclinical infections at the beginning of or during
lactation as part of an udder health management program.
• 2)Additional diagnostics for cows with clinical signs of Mastitis.

51. •A) Collecting milk into the CMT paddle:
•1 After discarding the first stream of milk, draw the next milk into the shallow cups on the paddle, keeping the quarters separate.
•2 Always assume the same position when holding the paddle under the udder to keep track of the quarters when interpreting results.
•(B) Drain Excess milk: The ideal amount of milk is that which remains in the cup when the paddle is tilted to an almost vertical
position, as shown.
•(C) Add an equal amount of the reacting solution.
•1. Form pools of milk in cups, as shown, by tilting paddle.
•2. Squirt test solution over milk. Avoid making bubbles.
•3. Proportion of solution to milk should be at least one to one.
•(D) Mix the reagent and milk:
•1 Gently rotate the paddle in horizontal plane, swirling the mixture for 10-30 seconds.
•2 Positive reactions occur and can be graded during this rotary motion.

53. RESULT INTERPRETATION
SCORE MEANING DESCRIPTION
OF REACTION
INDIVIDUAL
QUARTER
SAMPLE
BUCKET MILK
SAMPLE
N NEGATIVE Mixture remains
liquid. No slime
or gel form. It
can drip out of
the paddle well.
No Mastitis No Mastitis
T TRACE Mixture
becomes slimy
or gel like.
Trace of mastitisMastitis in one
or more quarters
1 WEAK POSITIVE Mixture
distinctly forms a
gel.
Mastitis Define mastitis -
Check quarters
2 DISTINCT
POSITIVE
Mixture thickens
immediately,
tends to form
jelly.
Mastitis Serious Mastitis
– Check quarters
31/10/25

55. •Procedure of Surf Field Mastitis Test and its interpretation:
•a) Procedure
•1.Prepare a 3% solution of the household detergent viz. Surf Excel.
2.Collect 10-15ml of milk from each teat in separate container like tea cups, or the Surf Field Mastitis Test paddle.
3.Mix the milk from an individual teat and the Surf solution (3%) in approximately equal proportions (i.e. add 10-15 ml 3% Surf
solution).
4.Rotate the mixture of milk and the Surf solution for about 15-20 seconds.
5.Examine the mixture for thickening or any other change.

56. Ultrasonographic images of the gland cistern, parenchymal tissue,
supramammary lymph nodes and teat are easily obtained using a 5,
7.5 or 8.5 MHz linear array transducer.
The injection of sterile 0.9% NaCl through teat cannula into
The gland provides a practical contrast agent.

57. •A thermal camera
•Can detect temperature changes of 1 to 1.5^C.
•A strong correlation (R2 = 0.92) between skin surface temperature and
SCCs has been observed.

58. •1.ANTIBIOTICS
•2.ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
•3.ANALGESICS
•4.ANTI-ENDOTOXAEMICS
•5.FLUID THERAPY
•6.ANTIHISTAMINICS

60. ANY ALTERNATIVE
THAN ANTIBIOTICS?

61. •Plants have served as a valuable source for ingredients in traditional medicine therefore they are
gaining interests of researchers in treating bovine mastitis.
•As compared to antibiotics, plant-derived compounds have an advantage of not inducing
resistance even after prolonged exposure. Another advantage of plant-derived compounds is their
low toxicity.
•Various plants have been proved to exhibit antimicrobial properties and are also capable of
inhibiting the inflammation induced by pathogens or endotoxin by inactivating NF-κB pathways.
•Antimicrobial activities against various pathogens were evaluated with paper disc assay, MIC
assay, etc.
Paşca et al., 2017

62. 10 commercial essentials oils on livestock mastitis-causing pathogens (Staph. aureus,
 
Staph. chromogenes,
 
Staph.
siuri,
 
Staph. warneri,
 
Staph. xylosus, and
 
E. coli) and found out that 3 of the essential oil
 
Satureja montana 
L., 
Thymus
vulgaris 
L. ct. thymol, and 
Origanum majorana 
L. were able to inhibit the tested pathogens (Fratini et al., 2014).
Curcumin, the major compound of turmeric, was claimed to be one of the best potential therapeutic agent against
bovine mastitis treatment (He et al., 2016).
Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol that is present in various plant species, such as grapevines, berries, and peanuts. It
has beneficial effects in protecting MAC-T from oxidative cell damage caused due to hydrogen peroxide (Jin et al.,
2016).
Thymol, a monoterpene phenol isolated from thyme, oregano, and tangerine peel, has shown to have an anti-
inflammatory effect on mouse mammary gland. It also reduces the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α
and IL-6) and inflammation mediated proteins iNOS and COX-2 in a dose-dependent manner, by down-regulating the
activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway (Liang et al., 2016).
Baicalein is a flavone extracted from
 
Scutellaria baicalensis 
and 
Scutellaria lateriflora, was claimed to attenuate
inflammatory response by suppressing TLR4 mediated NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways in LPS-induced mastitis
in mice (He X et al., 2016).

63. One of the most studied bacteriocin in bovine mastitis is nisin, which is a lantibiotic, containing 34-amino acid
residues, produced by L. lactis. Nisin form a complex with the cell wall, thereby inhibiting cell wall biosynthesis. The
complex then aggregates and further incorporates into the cell wall, finally forming a pore in the bacterial membrane
(Bierbaum et al., 2009).
Another bacteriocin, lysostaphin, isolated from Staph. simulans, either treated alone or in combination
with nisin, can inhibit biofilm-forming Staph. aureus (Coetto et al., 2016).
Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide derived from chitin, proven to have broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity
against fungi and bacteria. It was majorly reported to inhibit growth and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus spp.
causing bovine mastitis (Felipe et al., 2019).
Propolis, a resinous substance produced by honey bee, has also been studied for its anti-inflammatory effect on MAC-
T cells (Wang et al., 2016).

66. 6 points of The National Mastitis Action
Plan

67. FIVE-POINT PLAN introduced by National Institute for Research in Dairying (NIRD)
 

69. •Milk thrown away due to contamination by medication or being unfit to drink.
•A reduction in yields due to illness and any permanent damage to udder tissue.
•The extra labor required to tend to mastitic cows.
•The costs of veterinary care and medicines.
•The cost of reduced longevity due to premature culling.

73. Chetan et al., 2014

74. (Neeraja et al., 2021)

76. •Bierbaum G, Sahl H-G. Lantibiotics: mode of action, biosynthesis and bioengineering. Curr Pharm
Biotechnol 2009;10: 2-18.
•Ceotto Vigoder H, Marques SLS, Santos INS, et al. Nisin and lysostaphin activity against
‐
preformed biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus involved in bovine mastitis. J Appl Microbiol
2016;121:101-14.
•Felipe V, Breser ML, Bohl LP, et al. Chitosan disrupts biofilm formation and promotes biofilm
eradication in Staphylococcus species isolated from bovine mastitis. Int J Biol Macromol 2019;
126:60-7.
•Wang K, Jin X-L, Shen X-G, et al. Effects of Chinese propolis in protecting bovine mammary
epithelial cells against mastitis pathogens-induced cell damage. Mediators Inflamm 2016;
2016:8028291.

77. •Paşca C, Mărghitaş L, Dezmirean D, et al. Medicinal plants based products tested on pathogens
isolated from mastitis milk.
 
Molecules.
 
2017;22:1473.
•Liang D, Li F, Fu Y, et al. Thymol inhibits LPS-stimulated inflammatory response via down-
regulation of NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways in mouse mammary epithelial cells.
Inflammation 2014; 37:214-22.
•Jin X, Wang K, Liu H, F Hu, Zhao F, Liu J. Protection of bovine mammary epithelial cells from
hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative cell damage by resveratrol. Oxid Med Cell Longev
2016;2016:2572175.
•He X, Wei Z, Zhou E, et al. Baicalein attenuates inflammatory responses by suppressing TLR4
mediated NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways in LPS-induced mastitis in mice. Int
Immunopharmacol 2015;28:470-6.
•Fratini F, Casella S, Leonardi M, et al. Antibacterial activity of essential oils, their blends and
mixtures of their main constituents against some strains supporting livestock mastitis. Fitoterapia
2014; 96:1-7.

79. THANK YOU