Materia medica- calcarea carb

physiology of calcaria carb

1. PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION OF CALCAREA Dr. Arun R Nair Dept Of Practice Of Medicine.

2. INTRODUCTION… 7/8/2014 ARN 2

3. CALCIUM FACTS Soft grey alkaline earth metal Symbol Ca Number 20 Group II Divalent cation Atomic weight 40 g/mol Single oxidation state +2 Fifth most abundant element in Earth´s crust Essential for living organisms 7/8/2014 ARN 3

4. CALCIUM HISTORY Latin calx or calcis meaning ”lime” Known as early as first century when ancient Romans prepared lime as calcium oxide Isolated in 1808 by Englishman Sir Humphrey Davy Electrolyzed a mixture of lime & mercuric acid In 1883 demonstrated Sydney Ringer the biological significance of calcium. Frog hearts needed the presence of calcium in the bathing solution in order to continue beating 7/8/2014 ARN 4

5. CALCIUM OCCURRENCE In nature Does not exist freely Occurs mostly in soil systems as limestone (CaCO 3 ), gypsum (CaSO 4 *2H 2 O) & fluorite (CaF 2 ) In the body The most abundant mineral Average adult body contains app. 1 kg 0,1 % in the extra cellular fluid 1 % in the cells The rest (app. 99 %) in the skeleton (Bones can serve as large reservoirs, releasing calcium when extracellular fluid concentration decreases and storing excess calcium) 7/8/2014 ARN 5

6. CALCIUM FUNCTIONS Major structural element in the vertebrate skeleton (bones and teeth) in the form of calcium phosphate (Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 known as hydroxyapatatite Key component in the maintenance of the cell structure Membrane rigidity, permeability and viscosity are partly dependent on local calcium concentrations 7/8/2014 ARN 6

7. CALCIUM FUNCTIONS ( Bone) Osteoclasts (bone cells) remodel the bone by dissolving or resorbing bone Osteoblasts (bone forming cells) synthesize new bone to replace the resorbed bone Found on the outer surfaces of the bones and in the bone cavities 7/8/2014 ARN 7

8. CALCIUM FUNCTIONS Plays important regulatory roles in the body A passive role: As a cofactor for many enzymes (e.g. Lipase) and proteins As component in the blood clotting cascade An active role: as an intracellular signal - In the relaxation and constriction of blood vessels In cell aggregation and movement In muscle protein degradation In secretion of hormones as insulin In cell division In nerve impulse transmission 7/8/2014 ARN 8

9. INTERACTIONS Phosphate: ↓ calcium excretion in the urine Caffeine: ↑ urinary and fecal excretion of calcium Sodium: ↑ sodium intake, ↑ loss of calcium in urine Dietary constituents: Phytic acid can reduce absorption of calcium by forming an insoluble salt (calcium phytate ) Iron: calcium might have inhibitory effect on iron absorption 7/8/2014 ARN 9

10. ABSORPTION AND EXCRETION FACTORS Absorption increased by: Body need Vitamin D Protein Lactose Acid medium Absorption decreased by: Vitamin D deficiency Calcium-phosphorus imbalance Oxalic acid Phosphorous Dietary fiber Excessive fat High alkalinity Also stresses and lack of exercise Excretion increased by: Low parathyroid hormone (PTH) High extracellular fluid volume High blood pressure Low plasma phosphate Metabolic alkalosis Excretion decreased by: - High parathyroid hormone Low extracellular fluid volume Low blood pressure High plasma phosphate Metabolic acidosis Vitamin D 3 7/8/2014 ARN 10

11. Calcium needed by the body for : 1. The formation and maintenance of bone and teeth, 2. Coagulation of blood, 3. Regulation of neuromuscular irritability and 4. Muscular contractility. 7/8/2014 ARN 11

12. SOURCE Milk and milk products are main source of calcium. Fish , vegetable, fruits, cereals ( ragi rich in calcium) and drinking water are other sources. Green leafy vegetables are the cheapest natural source of calcium but the bio availability of calcium is poor. Availability of calcium from a good source like milk is adversely affected by the simultaneous consumption of green leafy vegetable. Recommended in take of calcium (adult ) – 400 –500 mg / day. 7/8/2014 ARN 12

13. Doctrine of signature The remedy is prepared from the middle layers of inner part of the oyster shell. Thus one of the features of calcarea is protection and withdrawal. They withdraw and make a protective layer around them. Another strong aspect of Calcarea is anxiety and fear. There is a theme of insecurity. The fears & anxieties centre around issues such as money, health. When these basic aspects are not secure, they develop strong despair. 7/8/2014 ARN 13

14. Contd. Calcium gluconate (Ca(C 6 H 11 O 7 ) 2 ) is used as a food additive and in vitamin pills. Calcium hypochlorite (Ca( OCl ) 2 ) is used as a swimming pool disinfectant , as a bleaching agent, as an ingredient in deodorant , and in algaecide and fungicide . Calcium permanganate (Ca(MnO 4 ) 2 ) is used in liquid rocket propellant, textile production, as a water sterilizing agent and in dental procedures. Calcium phosphate (Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ) is used as a supplement for animal feed, fertilizer , in commercial production for dough and yeast products, in the manufacture of glass , and in dental products. Calcium stearate (Ca(C 18 H 35 O 2 ) 2 ) is used in the manufacture of wax crayons , cements , certain kinds of plastics and cosmetics , as a food additive , in the production of water resistant materials and in the production of paints . Calcium sulfate (CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O) is used as common blackboard chalk, as well as, in its hemihydrate form better known as Plaster of Paris. 7/8/2014 ARN 14

15. CALCAREA GROUP Insecurity feeling ,very uncertain about themselves, constantly worrying about what other will think about them; a confused state of mind Constantly comparing themselves with others, ( but not openly) Different forms of fear due to insecurity feeling These situation leads to protection and withdrawal Calcarea group drugs indicated in persons coming from a protected individuals and one who desires stability obesity 7/8/2014 ARN 15

16. Homoeopathic Medicines made out of Calcium compounds and their preparation, properties and clinical indications According to Mendeleef , Calcarea comes under group 2A ALKALINE EARTH GROUP – 1 . Beryllium 2 . Magnesium 3 . Calcarea 4 . Strontium 5 . Barium 6 . Radium 7/8/2014 ARN 16

17. General characters of alkaline earth group medicines: Mental character – Sluggish, Indolent, Anxious Aggravation from cold (Chilly patient) Predominantly tubercular Involvement of nervous system and endocrine system Oedema

18. Calcarea Carb . Common Name- Carbonate of lime or Middle Layer of Oyster Shell Constitution: “LEUCOPHLEGMATIC” Suited to Fair, Fatty and Flabby Patient who becomes easily fatigued. Large Heads, Open Fontanelles and Sutures Thermal : Chilly Patient Miasm Psora and Sycosis Diathesis Scrofulous, Rachitic and Tubercular Diathesis. 7/8/2014 ARN 18

19. Pathogenesis: Calcarea carb . produces impairment in nutrition of various organs, particularly bones. Alteration in composition of blood with chief action on skin and bones.

20. Guiding Symptoms Great Sensitiveness to take cold. Disposed to grow fat. Head sweats profusely, while sleeping wetting the pillow far around. Coldness in general and the single part. Feels better in every way when constipated. Stool has to be removed mechanically. Excellent remedy for polypi and exostosis . All discharges smell sour eg , vomitus , diarrhoea , sweat etc. 7/8/2014 ARN 20

21. Contd. Longing for eggs especially during sickness. Craves un-digestible things . Has aversion to meat. 7/8/2014 ARN 21

22. General Modalities Aggravation: Cold air and water, wet weather, from washing, in morning, during full moon. Amelioration: Lying on painful side. 7/8/2014 ARN 22

23. Contd. Kent says: Sulphur has heat in patches, Calcarea has cold in patches and sweat also in patches. Calcarea grows and cures polypi . Calcarea babies are always more or less wormy. 7/8/2014 ARN 23

24. THANKS FOR HEARING… 7/8/2014 ARN 24