maternal antibodies and coombs test

The overall knowledge of maternal antibodies and related diseases

1. MATERNAL ANTIBODIES AND COOMB’S TEST Presented By : Isha Anand Wahane (M.Sc. 1 st year) Under the guidance of : Dr. Hariprasad Paikrao ( Assistant Professor, Dept. of Forensic Biology Govt. Institute of Forensic Science Nagpur )

2. TOPIC : 1)What is Maternal antibody? 2)Why it is so Important ? 3)How it is related to forensic science? ?

3. 1)What is Maternal antibody? An antibodies produced by the mother and transferred to the fetus in utero or during breastfeeding . These passively acquired antibodies enter the bloodstream of offspring and act as a protective shield throughout the body in the same way as actively produced antibodies . The term “maternal antibodies” will be used for passively transferred I gG antibodies. 3

4. 2)Why it is so Important ? About 20% of all infants have an ABO maternal blood group incompatibility Less severe than Rhesus incompatibility . Rh-positive red cells of the fetus enter into the maternal circulation The first immune response in the mother is the formation of IgM antibodies (they do not cross the placenta) and therefore the first baby is usually unaffected. Subsequent antigen exposure leads to an increased response and IgG formation in the mother, which does cross the placenta and destroy the fetal red blood cells (RBC) leading to anemia, heart failure and hydrops. 4

5. Why Does Rh Status Matter? 5

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7. Hemolytic Disease Of The Fetus / Newborn: 7 A condition in which the red cells of the fetus or Newborn are destroyed by maternally derived Alloantibodies. The antibodies arise in the mother as the direct result of Blood group incompatibility between the mother and fetus. The mother becomes iso-immunized. In the fetus: erythroblastosis fetalis The fetal and neonatal complications that may occur. Hydrops fetalis. Intrauterine fetal death or early neonatal death due to cardiac failure. Icterus gravis neonatorum. Congenital anemia of the newborn.

8. The Antiglobulin Test 8 Antiglobulin serum ( Coomb’s Serum) was discovered by Coombs in 1945. The antiglobulin test can be used to detect red cells sensitized with IgG alloantibodies. Sensitization of red cells can occur and to detect it. The use of AHG serum to detect sensitization of red cells in vitro can be: One stage technique , the direct antiglobulin test (DAT). Two stage technique , the indirect antiglobulin test (IAT).

9. 9 Direct Coomb's Test This is the test that is done on the newborn’s blood sample, the test is looking for "foreign" antibodies that are already adhered to the infant's red blood cells (RBCs), a potential cause of hemolysis. This is referred to as "antibody-mediated hemolysis".

10. 10 Indirect Coomb's Test This is the test that is done on the mother's blood sample as part of her prenatal labs. Frequently referred to as the "antibody screen“ This test identifies a long list of minor antigens that could either cause problems in the newborns or cause problems in the mother if transfusion is necessary.

11. 11 Procedure

12. 12 References : https://discovery.lifemapsc.com/library/review-of-medical-embryology/chapter-37-fetal-maternal-incompatibility https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Coombs_test https://www.britannica.com/science/antibody https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001298.htm#:~:text=Hemolytic%20disease%20of%20the%20newborn%20(HDN)%20is%20a%20blood%20disorder,do%20not%20last%20as%20long . https://childrenswi.org/medical-care/fetal-concerns-center/conditions/pregnancy-complications/blood-type-incompatibility https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/maternal-antibody https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-35761-6.00008-0

13. Thank you !!! 3/1/20XX SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 13