mcl141-38_hjjh bhbjnjnvhjkl,l,mjhbbhb.ppt

gear train

1. Analysis of Irreversible Manufacturing Processes
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
Special Parameter to Account Entropy Generation
in MP…..

2. Second Law for A Generalized Manufacturing System
loss
envMF
Q


in
MFPP
W




m
i
mat
MF
H
1



m
i
mat
MF
S
1



n
j
prod
jMF
H
1
,



n
j
prod
jMFS
1
,



o
k
scrap
kMF
H
1
,



o
k
scrap
kMF
S
1
,





m
i
mat
iMFMFirr
loss
envMF
HS
in
MFHS
SS
T
Q
T
Q
1
,,
0





o
k
scrap
kMF
n
j
prod
jMF
MF
SS
dt
dS
1
,
1
,

T
HS
in
MFHSQ



3. Model Equations for Generalized Manufacturing
System
•Conservation of mass:



o
k
scrap
kMF
n
j
prod
jMF
m
i
mat
iMF
MF
mmm
dt
dm
1
,
1
,
1
,

•First Law
in
MFPP
loss
envMF
in
MFHS
o
k
scrap
kMF
n
j
prod
jMF
m
i
mat
MF
MF
WQQHHH
dt
dE


 

1
,
1
,
1
•Entropy Balance:





o
k
MFirr
loss
envMF
HS
in
MFHSscrap
kMF
n
j
prod
jMF
m
i
mat
iMF
MF
S
T
Q
T
Q
SSS
dt
dS
1
,
0
,
1
,
1
,




4. SSSF Model Equations for Manufacturing System
•Conservation of mass:
0
1
,
1
,
1
,
 

o
k
scrap
kMF
n
j
prod
jMF
m
i
mat
iMF
mmm 
•First Law
0
1
,
1
,
1
 



m
i
in
MFPP
loss
envMF
in
MFHS
scrap
kMF
n
j
prod
jMF
m
i
mat
MF WQQHHH

•Entropy Balance:
0
,
01
,
1
,
1
, 


 MFirr
loss
envMF
HS
in
MFHS
m
i
scrap
kMF
n
j
prod
jMF
m
i
mat
iMF S
T
Q
T
Q
SSS












  MFirr
HS
in
MFHS
m
i
scrap
kMF
n
j
prod
jMF
m
i
mat
iMF
loss
envMF S
T
Q
SSSTQ
,
1
,
1
,
1
,0



Thermal pollution generated by a Manufacturing Process

5. Power Consumed by an irreversible Manufacturing
System
0
1
,
1
,
1
 



m
i
in
MFPP
loss
envMF
in
MFHS
scrap
kMF
n
j
prod
jMF
m
i
mat
MF WQQHHH










  MFirr
HS
in
MFHS
m
i
scrap
kMF
n
j
prod
jMF
m
i
mat
iMF
loss
envMF S
T
Q
SSSTQ
,
1
,
1
,
1
,0



loss
envMF
in
MFHS
m
i
mat
MF
m
i
scrap
kMF
n
j
prod
jMF
in
MFPP QQHHHW


  

11
,
1
,















MFirr
HS
in
MFHS
m
i
scrap
kMF
n
j
prod
jMF
m
i
mat
iMF
in
MFHS
m
i
mat
MF
m
i
scrap
kMF
n
j
prod
jMF
in
MFPP
S
T
Q
SSST
QHHHW
,
1
,
1
,
1
,0
11
,
1
,





6. Vegetable Production System : Jagadishpr , Sonipat

7. Design : Krishi Vigyan Kendra ,Jagdishpur, Sonipat
5KW design with 3.7KW Irrigation Pump

8. •Non-Renewable sources of petrol and diesel are not utilized
•Whole system is noiseless and does not disturb the
surrounding with sound pollution
•Water flowing through the turbine (partial pressure design II)
get oxygenated thereby effecting chemical and biological
oxygen demands which have a bearing on self regeneration
capacity of the soils [Pawlikewich]
•A pump with a high discharge head could be utilized with this
turbines hence Water storage in upper reaches facilitate
ground water recharge.
•The efficiency is the major player in power transmission and
the water wheel is set to take on the costlier reaction turbines
in its efficiency if it is properly worked on.
•The whole irrigation system costs around 700$ range.
ADVANTAGES OF IIT Delhi DESIGN

9. Effect of Planting methods on total irrigation time (hrs.) and yields of Cauliflower
and Pigeon pea (Quintals /ha)
Crops Planting
method
Irrigations
Nos.
& (Time,
hrs)/ I
*
Water
market Rates
total
irrigatime
Irrigation
time used
(US$ )
Average
Yields
(Q/ha)
Value of Ferti use
Irrigation
the produce
Water
Cauliflo
wer
Raised
beds
8 (3.0) $53 100 $1100 DAP<70%
Drainage
no other
water
ferti used
Flat 6 (5.5) $73 89 $990 20 kg/ha DAP
‘’
no other
Pigeon
pea
Raised bed4 (3.5) $47 223 $890 ‘’
‘’
Flat 3(7.0) $31 200 $800 ‘’
‘’
Preliminary results show that farmers using the micro turbine
pumped water supplies stand to gain US$ 2.25 / hour of
pumping.
Yhereby saving $53-73 in cauliflower and US$ 31-47 in pigeon
pea.
Raised bed planting improved the value of the produce by 10
percent.

10. Efficient Reuse of Low Quality water linked to Micro Hydro
Irrigation charges @ $ 2.25 /h, amounts for savings as in
cauliflower US$20/ha and pulse US$40/ ha on an average on
the Whole Produce.{( KVK (HAU) , Sonepat,HARYANA,INDIA}

11. Penstock
Water Wheel
Main Shaft
Bush Bearing
Wooden Base
Grinder
adjusting
lever
Grinding Wheel
10” Pulley
12” Pulley
Gear Box
Generator
Canal
Forbay
New Design
Workshop Powered by Pico-hydel Unit at
Naya Gharat , Lacchiwala

12. Impact of System irreversibility on actual Power
consumption















MFirr
HS
in
MFHS
m
i
scrap
kMF
n
j
prod
jMF
m
i
mat
iMF
in
MFHS
m
i
mat
MF
m
i
scrap
kMF
n
j
prod
jMF
in
MFPP
S
T
Q
SSST
QHHHW
,
1
,
1
,
1
,0
11
,
1
,




   
MFirr
HS
in
MFHSin
MFHS
m
i
mat
iMF
mat
MF
m
i
scrap
kMF
scrap
kMF
n
j
prod
jMF
prod
jMF
in
MFPP
ST
T
Q
TQ
STHSTHSTHW
,00
1
,0
1
,0,
1
,0,

















 
   
MFirr
in
MFHS
HS
in
MFHS
m
i
mat
iMF
mat
MF
m
i
scrap
kMF
scrap
kMF
n
j
prod
jMF
prod
jMF
in
MFPP
STQ
T
T
Q
STHSTHSTHW
,0
0
1
,0
1
,0,
1
,0,














 
The quantity H-TS is backbone of thermo-economic/ecological
analysis and is referred to as the Gibbs free energy.

13. Thermo-economics/Thermo-ecology
•The quantity H-TS is known as the Gibbs free energy.
•In manufacturing system, a different quantity appears, H -
T
0
S.
•The difference between this and the same quantity evaluated
at the reference state is called flow exergy, B.
  
00 TSHSTH 
• Exergy represents the maximum amount of work that could
be extracted from a system as it is reversibly brought to
equilibrium with a well-defined environmental reference state.

14. Exergy
•In general, the bulk-flow terms may include contributions that
account for both the physical and chemical exergies.
•Hence = 
ph+ 
ch, as well as kinetic and potential exergy.
•The physical exergy is that portion of the exergy that can be
extracted from a system by bringing a given state to the “restricted
dead state” at a reference temperature and pressure (T
0,p
0).
• The chemical exergy contribution represents the additional
available energy potential that can be extracted from the system at
the restricted dead state by bringing the chemical potentials at that
state (T
0, p
0) to equilibrium with its surroundings at the “ultimate
dead state”.

15. Dead State
•Consider a quantity of mass that undergoes a steady-state
process.
•With a given state for the mass entering the control volume, the
reversible work will be a maximum when this mass leaves the
control volume in equilibrium with the surroundings.
•This means that as the mass leaves the control volume, it must be
at the pressure and temperature of the surroundings, be in
chemical equilibrium with the surroundings, and have minimum
potential energy and zero velocity.

16. Dead State
   
MFirr
in
MFHS
HS
in
MFHS
m
i
mat
iMF
mat
MF
m
i
scrap
kMF
scrap
kMF
n
j
prod
jMF
prod
jMF
in
MFPP
STQ
T
T
Q
STHSTHSTHW
,0
0
1
,0
1
,0,
1
,0,














 

17. Flow Exergy Balance Equation
   
MFirr
in
MFHS
HS
in
MFHS
m
i
mat
iMF
mat
MF
m
i
scrap
kMF
scrap
kMF
n
j
prod
jMF
prod
jMF
in
MFPP
STQ
T
T
Q
STHSTHSTHW
,0
0
1
,0
1
,0,
1
,0,














 
   
  














m
i
mat
iMF
mat
MF
m
i
mat
iMF
mat
MFMFirr
in
MFHS
HS
in
MFHS
m
i
mat
iMF
mat
MF
m
i
scrap
kMF
scrap
kMF
n
j
prod
jMF
prod
jMF
in
MFPP
STHSTHSTQ
T
T
Q
STHSTHSTHW
1
0
,
1
0
,,0
0
1
,0
1
,0,
1
,0,




   
00
TshmSTH
mat
MF
mat
MF
mat
MF  

18. Dead State Definition
   
00
mat
MF
mat
MF
mat
MF
mat
MF
mat
MF TshmSTH  
   
000
scrap
MF
scrap
MF
prod
MF
prod
MF
mat
MF
mat
MF
TshTshTsh 

19. Actual and Ideal Power Consumption in terms of
Flow exergy
MFirr
HS
in
MFHS
m
i
mat
MF
m
i
scrap
kMF
n
j
prod
jMF
in
MFPP
ST
T
T
QW
,0
0
11
,
1
,
1











 
 









 
HS
in
MFHS
m
i
mat
MF
m
i
scrap
kMF
n
j
prod
jMFideal
in
MFPP
T
T
QW
0
11
,
1
,
1

Second Law efficiency of a Manufacturing System
 
in
MFPP
ideal
in
MFPP
lawondMF
W
W






sec


20. Degree of Perfection
•DoP is defined as ratio of Exergy rate of useful
products to Exergy flow rate of input material
material
prod
PMF






