Medical abbreviation used in clinical setting

Medical Abbreviation

1. MEDICAL ABBREVIATION USED IN CLINICAL SETTING K.Swapna

2. Presentation outline Introduction Role of medical abbreviation used in clinical setting Pharmacy abbreviation Medical abbreviation used in different departments Misinterpretation of medical abbreviation Conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION Medical abbreviation is a shortened form of a medical word or a phrase . Usually , but not always it consist of a letter or a group of letters taken from word or a phrase. Always medical abbreviations are written in capital letters . Abbreviation are formed using the initial components in a phrase or name Ex B – Blood P - Pressure

4. ORTHOGRAPHIC STYLING Period s( stops) Periods ( stops ) are often used in styling operation , but in medical abbreviation they are considered as unnecessary or not required EX Less common : C.O.P.D More common : COPD Plurals The prevelant way to represent plurals for medical acronym is to simply affix a lower case EX : One OCP , two OCP S ( Oral contraceptives

5. Possessives Possesive’s form are often needed , but can be formed using apostrophe +s .Often the writer can recast the sentence EX BP’s effect on risk of MI is multifaceted The effect of BP on MI risk is multifaceted

6. R ole of medical abbreviations used in clinical setting In health care centres, abbreviation save clinician time when they are writing instructions and orders and enable the clinician to see more patients . Speeds up communication among health care professionals who , its assumed , know the abbreviation. Most institutions have a list of acceptable abbreviation in their procedure manuals. Time may be limited due to various deadline and emergency situation ,familiarizing with medical abbreviation will help in interpreting the data more efficiently .

7. Pharmacy abbreviations Pharmacy abbreviation are commonly used as a kind of shorthand in prescription and medication order to convey information about direction for use. The abbreviation for time and frequency of adminstration come from latin phrases. The commonly used abbreviation include those for route of adminstration and those that designate unit of measure . Another subset of abbreviation is called x substitution and include the well known and widely used R ϰ symbol meaning prescription

8. PHARMACY ABBREVIATION a : before ac : before meals Bid : twice a day c : with Cc : cubic centimeter Dx : diagnosis Fx : fracture G : gram Gr : grain Hs : at bed time Mcg : microgram Meq : milliequivalents Mg : milligram OTC : over the counter Oz : ounce pc : after meals Po : by mouth Pr : per rectum Prn : as needed

9. COMMONLY USED ABREVIATIOIN S cr : Serum creatinine INTHC : Intrathecally CBC : Complete blood count WBC : White blood cell ICU : Intensive care unit IV : Intravenous BID : Twice in a day SC : Subcutaneous TID :Thrice in aday IM : Intramuscular Q : Every   MCH : Mean corpuscular Q D : Every day Haemoglobin Q H : Every hour MCHC :Mean corpuscular Q 2H : Every two hour Haemoglobin concentration QID : Four times in a day MCV : Mean corpuscular volume LFT : Liver function test Micro : Microcytic , microscopic KUB kidney , ureter ,bladder

10. Abbreviation used in cardiology AF : Atrial fibrillation AFl : Atrial flutter AI : Aortic insufficiency AMI ; Acute myocardial infarction AV : Arteriovenous or Atrioventricular AVM : Arteriovenous malformation AVR A : Aortic valve replacement AWMI : Anterior wall myocardial infarction BP : Blood pressure BPH : Benign prostatic hypertrophy BPM : Beats per minute DBP ; Diastolic blood pressure

11. ECG : Electrocardiogram Echo : Echocardiogram EF : Ejection fraction ECG : Electrocardiogram HTN : Hypertension IHD : Ischemic heart disease ACS : Acute coronary syndrome IHD : Ischemic heart disease JVD :Jugular venous distention LVH : Left ventricular hypertrophy LVEDV : Left ventricular end diastolic volume MAP ; Mean arterial pressure MI :Myocardial infarction or Mitral Insufficiency PVD :Peripheral vascular disease PVR : Peripheral vascular resistance S : Heart Sounds (e.g. S1, S2, , S3 or S4 VF : Ventricular fibrillation

12. ABBREVIATION USED IN PULMONOLOGY AIP : Acute interstitial pneumonia ARDS : Acute respiratory distress syndrome AM : Alveolar macrophage BO : Bronchiolitis obliterans BOOP : Bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia BAL : Bronchoalveolar lavage C/P : Cardiopulmonary CLD : Chronic lung disease COPD : Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ERV : Expiratory reserve volume FEF : Forced exipiratory flow FEV 1 : Forced expiratory volume VC : Vital capacity IC : Inspiratory capacity OSA : Obstructive sleepapnea PE : Pulmonary edema PEFR : Peak expiratory flow rate

13. ABBREVATION USED IN NEPHROLOGY AIN : Acute interstitial nephritis ARF : Acute renal failure ACE : Angiotensin converting enzyme ATN : Acute tubular necrosis CKD : Chronic kidney disease CRI : Chronic renal insufficiency GFR : Glomerular filtration rate GN : Glomerular nephritis PKD : Polycystic kidney disease RAS : Renal artery stenosis RTA : Renal tubular necrosis RTC : Renal tubular cell MCNS : Minimal change nephrotic syndrome ADPKD : Autosomal dominant Polycystic kidney disease ARPKD : Autosomal recessive kidney disease FSGN : Focal segmental glomerulonephritis

14. ABBREVIATOION USED IN NEUROLOGY ACA - Anterior cerebral artery ACD - Anti convulsant drug ANS - Autonomic nervous system CSF - Cerebrospinal fluid DA - Dopamine EEG - Electroencephalogram AICA - Anterior inferior cerebellar artery 5-HT - Sertonin ICH - Intra Cranial hemmorhage ICP - Intra cranial pressure NMJ - Neuromuscular junction PET - Positron emission tomography PICA - Posterior inferior cerebellar artery PNS - Peripheral nervous system

15. MIISINTERPRETATION OF ABBREVIATION In 1996 JCAHO (Joint commission on accreditation of heathcare professional organization) began to gather information on sentinel events ,defined as unexpected occurences involving, physical or psychological injury or risk thereof such as suicide ,wrong site surgery ,and treatment delay are called sentinels because such occurrence can be seen as a indicator of quality of care .One cateogry of errors that stood out to be JCAHO’S event advisory group was interpretation of commonly used abbreviation

16. JCAHO has listed some abbreviation that can cause ambiguity QD and QOD, the Latin abbreviations for every day and every other day, respectively. Reports have been made of these abbreviations being mistaken for QID , which means four times a day. A period between letters can be mistaken for an i , and patients have received a drug or other treatment four times a day, instead of once a day or once every other day, as intended. What one should do: write daily or every other day. 2. U, the abbreviation for unit, can be misinterpreted as 0, 4, or cc . Among other reported errors, a patient received 40 units of insulin when 4 U was written. What one should do: Write unit. 3. IU. The abbreviation for international units has been misinterpreted as IV (intravenous) and 10 . Patients have mistakenly received intravenous medications as a result. What one should do: Write international units

17. 4 . MS, MSO 4 , MgSO 4 . These abbreviations can indicate either morphine sulfate or magnesium sulfate . In one case, a patient needing morphine for pain received an inappropriately high dose of magnesium sulfate and subsequently died. What one should do: Write morphine sulfate or magnesium sulfate , as appropriate. Zeros (known as trailing zeros and lonely zeros). An order written for .25 mg of a drug can easily be misread as 25 mg-a 100-fold overdose . Also, an order written for 25.0 mg may be misread as 250 mg . In both cases, the decimal point may be too small to be visible. Errors related to the improper use of zeros have caused fatalities. What one should do (or not do): always use a zero before a lone decimal point; never write zero only after a decimal point

18. 6 . TIW, which is sometimes used to signify three times a week, has been misinterpreted as two times a week or three times a day , resulting in misdosing . What one should do: write three times weekly or 3 times weekly. 7. AS, AD, and AU, the Latin abbreviations for left ear ( auris sinistra ), right ear ( auris dexter ), and both ears ( auris uterque ), are frequently mistaken for OS ( oculus sinistra , or left eye), OD (either overdose or optic density), and OU ( oculus uterque , each eye or both eyes), resulting in ear drops being put into patients' eyes . What one should do: write left ear, right ear, or both ears, as appropriate.  

19. 8 . μg , the abbreviation for micrograms, is often mistaken for mg or milligram, resulting in 1,000-fold overdoses . Small dosages are common in prescriptions of toxic antineo -plastic drugs and in the treatment of pediatric patients. Such an overdose can be fatal What one should do: Write mcg  9. HS has been used to signify both half strength and the Latin expression meaning bedtime ( hora somni ). And fatal errors have occurred when QHS (every bedtime) was interpreted as every hour. What one should do: write out half strength or at bedtime, as appropriate.   10. SC and SQ can both be used to mean subcutaneous. Reports have been made of these abbreviations being read as SL (sublingual) and as 5 every hour. What one should do: write subq or subcutaneous.

20.  11. D/C can mean either discharge or discontinue. Errors have occurred when drugs were inadvertently discontinued in discharge plans . What one should do: write discharge or discontinue, as appropriate. 12. cc, which stands for cubic centimeter , has been misread as U for units. What one should do: write mL (for milliliters ).

21. CONCLUSION Medical abbreviation are useful in clinical setting to save time ,especially in a hospital where many patients get admitted .  Each hospital should have their own list of abbreviation ,and health care team should familiarise themselves with all abbreviation in order to prevent ambiguity .