Medical Microbiology 171022043809

Clinical Medical Microbiology

1. MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
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2. 1.INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
2.HISTORY OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
3.FIELDS IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
4.FUNGAL INFECTIOUS DISEASE
5.PARASITIC DISEASE
6.VIRAL INFECTIOUS DISEASE
7.BACTERIAL INFECTIOUS DISEASE
8.DIAGNOSIS IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND TREATMENT
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3. MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Medical microbiologyis a branch ofmedicine
concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of
infectious diseases. In addition, this field of science studies
various clinical applications of microbes for the improvement of
health. There are four kinds ofmicroorganismsthat cause
infectious disease:bacteria,fungi,parasitesandviruses.
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4. Medicalmicrobiology,alsoknownas‘’’clinical
microbiology’’’,isthestudyofmicrobes,such
asbacteria,viruses,fungiandparasites,whichcausea
humanillnessandtheirroleinthedisease.
Medicalmicrobiologistisalsoinvolvedinteachingatalllevels,
andinresearch.Itprovidedthedevelopmentofvaccinesagainst
invadingorganisms.
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5. Deadlyanddebilitatingdiseasessuchassmallpox,polio,
andtuberculosishavebeeneithereradicatedorbecomemore
treatable.Thereareclaimsthatconsumingprobiotics(bacteria
potentiallybeneficialtothedigestivesystem)
and/orprebiotics(substancesconsumedtopromotethe
growthofprobioticmicroorganisms)contributestohuman
health.
Microorganismscouldbeusefulinthetreatmentofcancer.
Strainsofnon-pathogenicclostridiacaninfiltrateandreplicate
withinsolidtumours,delivertherapeuticproteins.
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6. HISTORY OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
In1546,GirolamoFracastoroproposedthatepidemicdiseaseswerecausedby
transferableseedlikeentitiesthroughdirect,indirectcontactandcontactover
longdistanceswithaninfection.
LouisPasteurandRobertKocharethefoundersofmedicalmicrobiology.Louis
Pasteurisfamousforhisexperimentswhenhedisprovedthetheoryof
spontaneousgeneration.Heofferedmethodforfoodpreservation(pasteurization)
andvaccinesagainstanthrax,fowlcholeraandrabies.
RobertKochcontributedtothegermtheoryofdisease,providedthat
specificdiseaseswerecausedbyspecificmicrobes.Hedevelopedcriteriaknown
astheKoch'spostulatesandwasamongfirsttoisolatebacteriainpure
cultureresultinginhisdescriptionofseveralbacteriaincludingMycobacterium
tuberculosis,thecausativeagentoftuberculosis
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7. medicalmicrobiologiststudiesthe
characteristicsofpathogens,theirmodesof
transmission,mechanismsofinfectionand
growth.
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8. medicalmicrobiologyprimarilyfocuseson
thepresenceandgrowthofmicrobial
infectionsinindividuals,theireffectson
thehumanbodyandthemethodsof
treatingthoseinfections.
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9. In1676,Antonvan
Leeuwenhoekobser
vedbacteriaand
other
microorganisms,
usingasingle-
lensmicroscopeof
hisowndesign
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10. Smallpox is a deadly disease caused by thevariolavirus. It causes painful lesions that leave
disfiguring scars on the skin of people who survive, and can also cause blindness. However,
many infected people do not survive. Smallpox had a fatality rate ranging from 20-60% in
adults and even higher in infants.
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11. In1796,Jennerdecidedtotestwhetheryoucouldtransmit
cowpoxtohealthypeopleonpurposeinordertoimmunize
them againstsmallpox.He calledthis
procedurevaccinationfromtheLatinwordvacca,which
meanscow.Jennertestedvaccinationonan8-yearoldboy
anditworked!Theboydidn'tgetsmallpoxwhen
experimentallyinfectedwithitacouplemonthslate
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12. In1857 Louis
Pasteuralsodesigned
vaccines against
severaldiseasessuch
asanthrax,fowlcholer
aandrabiesaswell
aspasteurizationfor
foodpreservation.
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13. 1867JosephListeris
consideredtobethe
father
ofantisepticsurgery.By
sterilizing the
instruments with
diluted carbolic
acidandusingitto
cleanwounds,post-
operativeinfections
werereducedmaking
surgerysaferfor
patients.
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14. RobertKochcontributedto
thegermtheoryofdisease,
provided that
specificdiseaseswere
caused by
specificmicrobes.He
developedcriteriaknownas
theKoch'spostulatesand
wasamongfirsttoisolate
bacteria in pure
cultureresultinginhis
description of
severalbacteriaincludingM
ycobacteriumtuberculosis,
thecausativeagent
oftuberculosis.
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15. Fields in medical microbiology
Microbial physiologyis the study of microbial growth,
microbialmetabolismandmicrobial cell structure.
Microbial geneticsis the study of howgenesare organized and regulated
inmicrobesin relation to their cellular functions.
Parasitologyinvestigates parasites. The specimen here
isfeces,blood,urine,sputum, and other samples.
Virologyidentifiesvirusesin specimens ofblood,urine, andcerebrospinal fluid.
Immunology/Serologyuses antigen-antibody interaction as a diagnostic tool,
determines compatibility of transplanted organs.
A medical microbiologist is a specialist in medical (clinical) microbiology.
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16. Fungal infectious diseases
Thediseasesthatarecausedbythepathogenicfungispecies
suchascandida,histoplasmiaetc.fungalinfectousdiseases
includehistoplasmosisandmanyothers.
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17. Transmission of infectious diseases:-
Therearevariouswaysinwhichdiseasecanbe
transmittedbetweenindividuals.Theseinclude
Directcontact-Touchinganinfectedhost.
Indirectcontact-Touchingacontaminatedsurface
Dropletcontact-Coughingorsneezing
Fecal–oralroute-Ingestingcontaminatedfoodor
watersources
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18. Airbornetransmission-Pathogencarryingspores
Vectortransmission-Anorganismthatdoesnot
causediseaseitselfbuttransmitsinfectionby
conveyingpathogensfromonehosttoanother
Fomitetransmission-Aninanimateobjector
substancecapableofcarryinginfectiousgermsor
parasites
Environmental-Nosocomialinfections
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19. Histoplasmosis:-
AlternativeNames:-
OhioRiverValleyfever;Fibrosingmediastinitis
Causesofhistoplasmosis:-
Histoplasmosisisaninfectioncausedbyafungus
calledHistoplasma.
funguslivesintheenvironment,particularlyinsoilthat
containslargeamountsofbirdorbatdroppings.
Peoplecangethistoplasmosisafterbreathinginthe
microscopicfungalsporesfromtheair,oroftenafter
participatinginactivitiesthatdisturbthesoil.
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20. 4-The spores are extremely light and float into the air when dirt
or other contaminated material is disturbed.
5-Even if you've had histoplasmosisin the past, you can still get
the infection again.
Symptoms of histoplasmosis:-
•Fever
•cough
•Fatigue (extreme tiredness)
•Chills
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21. Symptoms:-
•Headache
•Chest pain
•Body aches
•histoplasmosiscan also produce joint pain
•chronic form of histoplasmosisthat can additionally feature weight loss and a cough
that brings up blood.
•long-term (chronic). Symptoms include:
•1-Chest pain and shortness of breath
•2-Cough, possibly coughing up blood
•3-Fever and sweating
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22. Life cycle of histoplasma:-
. When people breathe in the spores, they are at risk for developing
histoplasmosis. After the spores enter the lungs, the person’s body
temperature allows the spores to transform into yeast. The yeast can
then travel to lymph nodes and can spread to other parts of the
body through the bloodstream.
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23. Life cycle of histoplasma:-
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24. Complications of histoplasmosis:-
Histoplasmosiscan cause a number of serious complications,
Complications can include:
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).Histoplasmosiscan
damage lungs to the point that the air sacs begin filling with fluid.
This prevents efficient air exchange and can deplete oxygen levels in
the blood.
Heart problems.Inflammation of the pericardium, the sac that
surrounds your heart, is called pericarditis. When the fluid in this sac
increases, it can interfere with the heart's ability to pump blood
efficiently.
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25. Adrenal insufficiency.Histoplasmosiscan harm your adrenal glands,
which produce hormones that give instructions to virtually every
organ and tissue in your body.
Meningitis.In some cases, histoplasmosiscan cause meningitis, an
infection and inflammation of the membranes surrounding your
brain and spinal cord.
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26. Exams and test:-
Histoplasmosisis diagnosed by:
Biopsy of the lung, skin, liver, or bone marrow
Blood or other tests to detect histoplasmosisproteins or antibodies
Cultures of the blood, and other things (this test provides the
clearest diagnosis of histoplasmosis, but results can take 6 weeks)
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27. Treatment:-
The main treatment for histoplasmosisis antifungal drugs.
AmphotericinB, itraconazole, and ketoconazoleare the usual
treatments.
Antifungalsmay need to be given through a vein, depending on the
form or stage of disease.
Prevention:-
Histoplasmosismay be prevented by reducing exposure to dust in
chicken coops, bat caves, and other high-risk locations. Wear masks
and other protective equipment if you work in these environments.
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28. -:Histoplasmosisin lungs:-
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29. Definition:
A parasitic disease is an infectious disease caused or transmitted by
a parasite.
Many parasites do not cause diseases.
Parasitic diseases can affect practically all living organisms,
including plants and mammals.
The study of parasitic diseases is called parasitology.
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30. Symptoms:
•Abdominal pain.
•Weight loss.
•Increased appetite.
•Sleeping problems.
•Vomiting.
•Fatigue.
•Dehydration.
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31. Cause
Mammals can get parasites from contaminated food or water
andbugbites.
Other risks are walking barefeet, inadequate disposal of faecesand
eating undercooked or exotic food.
Parasites can also be transferred to their host by the bite of an
insect vector, i.e. mosquitos.
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32. E. Histolytica
Geographical distribution :
E. histolyticais more common in tropical and sub-tropical
countries. In India it occasionally takes an epidemic form. It is estimated that about seven to
eleven per cent of the population in India suffers from its infection.
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33. Entamoebahistolytic Parasitic Protozoans
cause Amoebiasis
Infective stage Tetra nucleated cyst
Host Human
Portal of entry Mouth
Mode of reproduction Binary fission
Habitat Colon and caecum
Mode of transmission Ingestionof mature cyst through
contaminated food or water
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34. Life cycle:
 E. histolyticais a monogenetic parasite as its life cycle is completed in a single host i.e.,
man.
 Infection by Entamoebahistolyticaoccurs by ingestion of mature cysts in fecal
contaminated food, water, or hands.
Excystationoccurs in the small intestine and trophozoitesare released, which migrate to the
large intestine.
 The trophozoitesmultiply by binary fission and produce cysts , which are passed in the
feces.
 Because of the protection conferred by their walls, the cysts can survive days to weeks
in the external environment and are responsible for transmission.
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36. Viral infections
Aviral infection occurs when an organism's body is invaded
bypathogenicviruses.
Structural characteristics, such as genome type, virionshape and
replication site, generally have the same features among virus
species within the same family.
There are currently 21 families of viruses known to cause disease in
humans.
Study of viral infection is also known as virology.
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37. Diagnosis & treatment
Viral disease can be detected by severe muscle and joint pains
before fever and also by skin rash and lymph gland swelling.
Viruses commonly have self-limited life, so treatment is usually
reduce the symptoms only.
Antipyretic andAnalgesic drugs are commonly be used.
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38. 1.Measles:
Measles is an infectious disease caused by a measlevirus.
It is a single-stranded, negative-sense, enveloped RNA virus of the
genus Morbilliviruswithin the family Paramyxoviridae.
Virus lives in the mucous of nose and throat of infected person .
It spreads easily from person to person by coughing and sneezing
into the air.
Infected droplets of mucous can remain active and contagious for
around two hours.
Means ,virus live outside the body.e.gon surfaces and door handles.
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39. Symptoms:
Fever &
cough
Runnynose
meningitis
Ichyrash
skin
conjuctivitis
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40. Conjunctivitis (pink
eye)
Measlevirus
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42. Treatment:
Measlescanbediagnosedbysymptomslike,rashand
smallspotsonbody.But,asimplebloodorsalivatestcan
alsobediagnosed.
Nospecificmedicinethatkillsmeaslesvirus.
TreatmentwithvitaminAofferedtoinfectedpeople.
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43. 2.Diarrhea
ItiscausedbyRotavirusamonginfantsandyoungchildren.
Namecomesfromitscharacteristicwheel-likeappearanceof
viruswhenviewedbyelectronmicroscopy.
Itisagenusofnon-enveloped,double-strandedRNAvirusin
thefamilyReoviridae.
Virionshape:icosahedral
Replicationsite:cytoplasm
Itinfects&damagesthecellsofsmallintestinecauses
gastroenteritis.
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44. Rotavirus
20 sided body
65-75nm
Nucleus : 45-50 nm
Shape : wheel like
Life : 7m
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45. Symptoms:
•Vomiting
•Lowfever
•dizzinesswhilestanding
•decreaseinurination
•drymouthandthroat.
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46. Transmission:
Rotavirusinfectionishighlycontagious.
Theprimarymodeoftransmissionofrotavirusisthepassage
ofthevirusinstooltothemouthofanotherchild.Thisisknown
asafecal-oralrouteoftransmission.
Virusisstable(remainsinfective)intheenvironment,
transmissioncanoccurthroughingestionofcontaminatedwater
orfoodandcontactwithcontaminatedsurfaces.
Rotaviruscansurvivefordaysonhardanddrysurfaces,andit
canliveforhoursonhumanhands.
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47. Diagnosis & treatment:
Infectioncanbediagnosedbygastroenteristicsasthecauseof
severediarrhoea.
Alsobyfindinginthechild’sstoolbyenzymeimmunoassay.
Treatmentisnon-specific.
involvesmanagementofsymptomsand,mostimportantly,
maintenanceofhydration.
Ifuntreated,childrencandiefromtheresultingsevere
dehydration.
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48. ORS(oralrehydrationsolution)alsogiventochildinwhich
smallamountsofsaltandsugarcontainingextrawater,for
treatmentdependingonseverityofdiarrhoea.
Insomecases,fluidsaregivenbyintravenous(withinvein)
drip.
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49. BACTERIAL INFECTIOUS DISEASE
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50. Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis,commonlyknownasTB,isabacterial
infectionthatcanspreadthroughthelymphnodes
andbloodstreamtoanyorganinyourbody.
Itismostoftenfoundinthelungs.
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51. Symptoms
Althoughyourbodymayharborthebacteriathatcause
tuberculosis,yourimmunesystemusuallycanpreventyoufrom
becomingsick.Forthisreason,doctorsmakeadistinctionbetween:
LatentTB.Inthiscondition,youhaveaTBinfection,butthe
bacteriaremaininyourbodyinaninactivestateandcauseno
symptoms.LatentTB,alsocalledinactiveTBorTBinfection,isn't
contagious.ItcanturnintoactiveTB,sotreatmentisimportantfor
thepersonwithlatentTBandtohelpcontrolthespreadofTBin
general.
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52. An estimated 2 billion people have latent TB.
Active TB.This condition makes you sick and can spread to others. It
can occur in the first few weeks after infection with the TB bacteria, or
it might occur years later.
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53. Signs and symptoms
•Coughing that lasts three or more weeks
•Coughing up blood
•Chest pain, or pain with breathing or coughing
•Unintentional weight loss
•Fatigue
•Fever
•Chills
•Loss of appetite
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54. Causes
Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria that spread from person to
person through microscopic droplets released into the air.
This can happen when someone with the untreated, active form of
tuberculosis coughs, speaks, sneezes, spits, laughs or sings.
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55. Prevention
Follow these tips to help keep others from getting sick
•Stay home
•Ventilate the room
•Cover your mouth
•Wear a mask
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56. DIAGONOSIS IN MEDICAL
MICROBIOLOGY
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57. Diagnosis types
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58. 1-Microbial culture
Theprimarymethodusedforisolatinginfectiousdisease
forstudyinthelaboratory.Tissueorfluidsamplesare
testedforthepresenceofaspecificpathogen,whichis
determinedbygrowthinaselectiveordifferentialmedium.
Cultureismicrobialgrowthonorinanutritionalsolidor
liquidmedium;increasednumbersoforganismssimplify
identification.
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59. Types of Culture
Solidculture Liquidculture Cell culture
Solid state containing
salt and agar.
Microbial growth is
determined by the
time taken for the
liquid to form a
colloidal suspension.
Human or animal cell
cultures are infected
with the microbe of
interest.
Used to culture
bacteria and fungi.
Used for diagnosing
parasites and detecting
mycobacteria.
Identifying viruses.
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60. 2-Microscopy
Microscopic examination can provide a preliminary, tentative
identification of certain infectious agents by revealing their size,
shape, and cellular structure.
It includes the staining technique for identification of infectious
agent.
Staining includes
a) Gram stain test.
b) Acid fast stain test.
c) Fluorescent stains.
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61. c) Trichrome stain
d)Warthin-Starry stain and Dieterle stain
a)Gram stain test
in which a sample is smeared on a microscopic slide and stained with a special
dye—is used to classify all bacteria as either gram positive (blue staining) or
gram negative (red staining)
b)Acid-fast and moderate (modified) acid-fast stains
used to identify acid-fast organisms (Mycobacterium sp) and moderately
acid-fast organisms (primarily Nocardiasp).
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62. These stains are also useful for staining Rhodococcus and related genera, as well
as oocysts of some parasites (e.g. Cryptosporidium).
c)Fluorescent stains:
These stains allow detection at lower concentrations
Examples
acridineorange(bacteriaandfungi)
auramine-rhodamineandauramineO(mycobacteria)
calcofluorwhite(fungi,especiallydermatophytes)
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63. d)Warthin-Starry stain and Dieterle stain
Thesesilverstainsareusedtovisualizebacteriasuchas
spirochetes,Helicobacterpylori,microsporidia,and
Bartonellahenselae(thecauseofcat-scratchdisease).
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64. 3-Biochemical test
Enzymatic activities are widely used to differentiate bacteria. Even
closely related bacteria can usually be separated into distinct species by
subjecting them to biochemical tests.
Example
Enteric, gram-negative bacteria are a large heterogeneous group of
microbes whose natural habitat is the intestinal tract of humans and
other animals.
All members of the family Enterobacteriaceae are oxidase-negative
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65. Rapid identification method
An unknown enteric bacterium is inoculated into a tube designed
to perform 15 biochemical tests. After incubation, results in each
compartment are recorded.
Each test is assigned a value; the number derived from scoring all
the tests is called the ID value.
Fermentation of glucose is important, and a positive reaction is
valued at 2, compared with the production of acetoin (V-P test,
or the Voges-Proskauer test) which has no value.
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66. Sunday, 22 October 2017 66MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

67. Agglutination test
Slide agglutination test, samples of an unknown bacterium are placed in a drop of saline on each of
several slide
Different known antiserum is added to each sample.
The bacteria agglutinate (clump) when mixed with antibodies that were produced in response to that
species or strain of bacterium; a positive test is indicated by the presence of agglutination.
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68. TREATMENT
Some infections can be dealt with by the body’s own immune
system, but more serious infections are treated with antimicrobial
drugs. Bacterial infections are treated with antibacterial (often called
antibiotics) whereas fungal and viral infections are treated with
antifungals and antivirals respectively. A broad class of drugs known
as antiparasitics are used to treat parasitic diseases.
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69. THANK YOU
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