MEDICINAL COLEUS.pptx

Medicinals plants; coleus plant

1. WEL COME

2. MEDICINAL COLEUS ( Pattharchur )

3. INTRODUCTION Medicinal coleus ( Coleus forskohlii ) is an important medicinal crop which contains forskolin in their roots. The crop has not become very popular among farmers because of its susceptibility to many diseases of which root- rot/wilt is the most important, causing serious losses affecting the tuber yield. The present review focuses on various diseases of important medicinal plant C. forskohlii and their management. One of the most potential medicinal crops of the future as its Pharmacopical properties have been dicovered only recently.

4. Common name :Medicinal coleus Botanical name : Coleus barbatus ` Syn : Coleus forskohlii Briq . Family : Lamiaceae Chromosome no:2n= 30 Kannada: Makandiberu, Magandhiperu Hindi: ` Patharchur ' Gujarati: Garmalu , Garmai Marathi: Maimnul Sanskrit: Pashan Bhedi , Makandi , Mayani . Tamil: Koorkan Kilangu / Marundu Koorkan BOTANY

5. HISTORY The genus Coleus was first described by Loureiro in 1790 and the generic name was derived from the Greek word ‘COLEOS’ meaning sheath. The species name forskohlii was given by the Finnish botanist, Forskel. The species very little known before 1980’s came into commercial cultivation after the discovery of forskohlin , an unique adenylate cyclse activating drug which is highly useful in activating the cardio vascular system.

6. The genus Coleus consists of 150 species C. amboinicus , C. forskohlii, C. spicatus and C. malabaricus . SPECIES

7. ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION Coleus forskohlii Briq . [ syn : Coleus barbatus ] is a plant of Indian origin. Distrubution: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, tropical East Africa, Brazil, Egypt, Arabia and Ethiopia. India: Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu in an area of about 2500 hectares. In Tamil Nadu, it is approximately grown in Salem, Dharmapuri , Trichy , Erode, Coimbatore and Dindigul districts of 6000 acres. Pharmaceutical companies procuring this crop under contact farming.

8. AREA AND PRODUCTION Area (ha)- 456 Production (MT)- 7911 Productivity (MT/ha)- 17.37 India, about 2,500 tonnes of  Coleus forskholii   are cultivated annually.

9. MEDICINAL PROPERTIES AND USES: Dried tuberous roots are the economic part. (this plant resembling carrot in shape and brown in colour ) Its tuberous roots are found to be rich source of an alkaloid called Forskolin (syn. Coleonol ). with content ranging from 0.10 to 0.80% Forskolin is the important base for many drugs developed for hypertension, glaucoma, asthma, congestive heart failures, weight management and certain types of cancers. In addition, forskolin is reported to have been used in the preparation of medicines preventing hair greying and restoring grey hairs to its normal colour .

10. USES In Egypt and Africa, the leaf is used as an expectorant, emmenagogue and diuretic. In Brazil, it is used as a stomach aid and in treating intestinal disorders (Valdes et al. 1987). It is used as a condiment in India and the tubers are prepared as pickle and eaten In traditional Ayurvedic systems of medicine, C. forskohlii has been used for treating heart diseases, abdominal colic, respiratory disorder, insomnia, convulsions, asthma, bronchitis, intestinal disorders, burning sensation, constipation, epilepsy and angina. The plant is also used for veterinary purposes.

11. Forskolin is also valued for antiallergic activity. Roots are hypotensive and spasmolytic and are given to children in constipation. Its decoction has tonic effect and is a wormicide . Root paste mixed with mustard oil is used against boils . Ground root is externally applied to skin diseases . It is effective against thrombosis and is employed in glaucoma therapy, owning to its adenylated cyclase stimulant activity.

12. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT Coleus barbatus is an aromatic perennial plant 0.5 m tall with thick tubers and with very showy bluish to pale lavender type flowers arranged in whorls on long spike like racemes. The entire plant is aromatic (whether fresh or dried). Members of the genus Coleus , have square stems branched, where nodes are often hairy.

13. Leaves: Pubescent, narrowed into petiole. The leaves and tubers have quite different odours , the latter being raminiscent of but quite different from, ginger.

14. Flowers: Borne on recemes are perfect, calyx is fine-toothed and deflexed in the front. The pale blue corolla is bilabiate , lower lobes are elongated and concave. The ovary is four-parted, stigma bilobed . Coleus flowers are cross-pollinated by means of wind or insects. The species have four didynamus , declinate stamens where filaments unite as a sheath at the base.

15. Root: Tuberous, fasiculated , upto 20 cm long and 0.5-2.5 cm thick,conical fusiform , straight, orangish and strongly aromatic.

16. It is used as a potent source of essential oil. The essential oil present in tubers has very attractive and delicate odor with spicy note. Essential oil has potential uses in food flavoring industry and can be used as an antimicrobial agent. The principle mechanism by which forskolin exerts its hypotensive activity is by stimulation of adenylate cyclase and thereby increasing cellular concentration of the second messenger cyclic AMP ( cAMP ). Forskolin directly activates almost all hormone sensitive adenylate cyclases in intact cells, tissues and even solubilised preparation of adenylate cyclase . ESSENTIAL OIL

17. Cautions: Do not take coleus if you have low blood pressure or peptic ulcers. It is not known if this herb will interact with hypotensive or platelet drugs, so use caution if you are taking these medications.

18. Preparation and Dosage Standardized coleus herbal remedy extracts are available commercially, although most tests have been done with injected forms of forskolin. Some doctors recommend a dose of 50 to 100 mg of extract taken 2 or 3 times per day, but this dosage has not been confirmed through clinical research.

19. VARIETIES: A selection from Karnataka `K-8' is reported to give 0.5 per cent forskolin and higher tuber yield. A non flowering type , has been found good under Karnataka and Tamilnadu conditions. All the growing areas are using this type only. Advanced line of Selection-K from UAS, Bangalore

20. CO-1 TNAU, Coimbatore, clonal selection from Periyakulam local. This variety released during the year of 1991. The variety yields 32.89 % increased yield over local type with 0.40 % forskohlin . Dry tuber yield about 2.5 t /ha. Moderately tolerant to root rot and wilt diseases under field conditions. Field tolerant to nematode and mealy bug infestation. Except Nilgiris all parts of Tamil Nadu, specifically suited to Salem, Erode, Namakkal , Coimbatore, Dindigul , Theni , Thiruvannamalai and Vellore districts

21. Aisiri (Mutant-7) It is a higher tuber and forskolin yielding variety, UAS, Bangalore. It mature in 180-200 days and give a dry tuber yield of 7000 – 7500 kg/ha with a forskolin content of 0.76%.

22. Manganiperu - It is cultivated in and around Belgaum districts of Karnataka . The tubers are big, 30.00cm length. It is also commercially cultivated in Tamil Nadu. Garmai and Maimul -It is cultivated in Gujarat state. The tubers are in medium size.

23. Soil and Climate Soil: Well-drained soils pH -5.5 to 7.0. Soils with marginal fertility. Climate: Tropics - 2400m, under tropical and subtropical conditions. Temperature -10 to 25ºC RH - 83 to 95% Annual rainfall 100-160cm, Perform well in less humid and warmer regions growing as an irrigated crop- Coimbatore In India, it is grown mainly in Belgaum ( Sahaydri mountain range of Karnataka) and in Gujarat . Season : June – September .

24. CULTIVATION PROPAGATION Coleus can be propagated by seeds as well as by stem cuttings. Propagation through seeds is little difficult, slow and should be used only for breeding of new varieties. Propagation by cuttings is very easy and economically employed to raise this crop on a large scale. Terminal shoot used for cutting

25. NURSERY RAISING The viability of seeds being very poor (8-10%), sufficient quantity of fresh seeds has to be sown in well prepared nursery beds to obtain good germination. Regular care about watering, weeding and plant protection of the nursery is taken. In about 15 to 20 days the germination is completed. When the seedlings are 45 days old and have attained about 8-10 cm height they are ready for transplanting.

26. VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION Vegetatively , the crop is propagated through terminal cuttings. 10-12 cm long cuttings comprising 3-4 pairs of leaves are preferred. These cuttings are planted in well prepared nursery beds and regular care about shading and watering is taken. The cuttings establish well in the nurseries and there is no problem in their rooting. After about a month's time when the cuttings have produced sufficient roots, they are transplanted in the main field.

27. PLANTING: In most areas the crop is planted during June-July at the onset of south west monsoon. Before planting the field is ploughed deep soon after the receipt of pre-monsoon showers and brought to a fine tilth . Further, the land is prepared into ridges and furrows at a spacing of 60 cm and the rooted cuttings or seedlings are planted at 20 cm apart with in the row.

28. Planting is done at 60 x 45 cm spacing (37,030 plants/ha). In low fertile soils, planting is done at 60 x 30 cm which requires 55, 500 plants/ha.

29. MANURES AND FERTILIZERS Crop responds well to the mannural application, requires 20 – 25 tonnes of well rotton farm yard manure or compost to obtain better growth and yield. Studies conducted at TNAU, Coimbatore to standardize the nutritional requirement of this crop have shown that it responds well to the application of N, P and K. A combination of 40 kg N, 60 kg P 2 O 5 and 50 kg K 2 O/ha was found to be optimum for obtaining maximum fresh (120 t/ha) and dry (3.982 t/ha) tuber yield from this crop. Half of N, whole P and whole K may be applied as basal dose followed by the remaining half N, 30 days after planting, as top dressing.

30. INPUTS Sl.No . Materials Per acre Per hectare 1. Number of plants/cuttings 24,000 55,500 2. Farm Yard Manure (t) 4 10 3. Fertilizers (kg) N P2O5 K2O 20 30 25 50 75 60

31. IRRIGATION: The first irrigation is given immediately after transplanting if there are no rains. The first two weeks after planting, the crop is irrigated once in three days and thereafter weekly irrigation is enough to obtain good growth and yield. WEEDING: Due to the frequent irrigations during the initial stages, there is lot of competition from the weeds. In order to obtain economic yields frequent weeding during the early growth period is desirable.

32. PESTS AND DISEASES PESTS: Leaf eating caterpillars, mealy bug Control: The insects can be controlled by spraying the plants and drenching their roots with 0.1 per cent methyl parathion.

33. 3) Root-knot nematodes Control: Application of carbofuran granules at the rate of 20 kg per hectare, OR Soak 85 g of pices of Garlic in 50 ml of Neem oil (lift for over night), add 450 ml of water and then dilute the same in 20 liters of water and spray. Crop rotation with marigold, sorghum and maize. Intercropping with marigold. 200 kg of neem cake per acre before planting.

34. Healthy roots of coleus Coleus roots severely affected with nematodes Close view of nematode attack in coleus roots Major problem: Root Knot Nematodes

35. MAJOR DISEASES: Fusarial wilt and Bacterial wilt Fusarial wilt: • Never allow water stagnation • Dipping the terminal cuttings in Carbendazim solution (1 gram per litre ) before planting • Mix 5 kg of Trichoderma viridae in 250 kg of compost and apply around the roots in every 20 days interval

36. Bacterial wilt: Major diseaes . • Streptocyclin 300 ppm solution around the roots Apply 2 kg of Pseudomonas fluorescens bio-control agent mixed with 300 kg of compost Application of 5 per cent Tricoderma viride through compost to the nursery and also in the field to the individual plants around the root zone along with vermicompost / well rotton farm yard manure.

37. Root rot: Trichoderma viridi  @ 5 kg/ha is mixed with well rottened FYM and applied twice at 20 days interval.

38. HARVESTING Flowers if any should be nipped off during the growing period to obtain more biomass of roots. The crop is ready for harvest 5 to 6 ( 130-150 days) months after planting. The crop is harvested manually by uprooting the individual plants. The plants are loosened, uprooted, tubers separated, cleaned and sun-dried to bring about 12 per cent moisture for the extraction of ` forskohlin '.

39. YIELD: Harvesting must be done without any damage to the tubers Fresh tubers             :           15 – 20 t/ha Dry tubers                :           2000 – 2200 kg/ha up to 2500 kg/ha Fresh suckers are sold at the rate of Rs. 4.50 per kg. 

40. Cleaning of harvested tubers Post harvest handling: Harvested tubers are cut into small pieces and dried under shade until it reaches 8 % moisture level

41. U.S. patents … Novel method of preparing a Forskohlin composition from Forskohlin extract and use of Forskohlin for promoting lean body mass and treating mood disorders –No. 5804596 , 8 th Sept , 1998. Composition and methods containing an antimicrobial essential oil extracted from Coleus Forskohlii –6607712 , 19 th Aug , 2003.

42.   International Patent Granted… Forskolin for Promoting Lean Body Mass Use of Forskolin , shifting the proportion of mass in favor of lean body mass, reducing fat tissue and encouraging weight loss . European Patent : EP0977564 - 15th June, 2005 Ref : www.samilabs.com

43. C. forskohlii is the only known natural source of the diterpenoid forskolin . The pharmacological and biochemical investigations established that forskolin possesses multifaceted biological activities. This Indian drug plant needs attention for their degradation of germplasm by pharmaceutical industries and other stresses. However, the screening of the herb is needed to identify, isolate, design, develop, modify or to prepare new pharmacologically active compounds other than forskolin . The mechanisms of action of various secondary metabolites isolated from this potential medicinal herb are yet to be elucidated. CONCLUSION