Medicinal Plants with special reference to Chhattisgarh (1).pptx

Medicinal plants of Chhattisgarh are very important topic for ug and pg both the group of students

1. Medicinal Plants with special reference to Chhattisgarh Dr. Shriram Kunjam Assistant Professor Department of Botany Govt. V.Y.T. PG Autonomous College, Durg(Chhattisgarh)

2. What is Medicinal Plants The term “medicinal plant” include various types of plants used in herbalism ("herbology" or "herbal medicine"). It is the use of plants for medicinal purposes, and the study of such uses. The word “herb” has been derived from the Latin word, “ herba ” and an old French word “ herbe ”. Now a days, herb refers to any part of the plant like fruit, seed, stem, bark, flower, leaf, stigma or a root, as well as a non-woody plant.

3. History of Medicinal plants Earlier, the term “herb” was only applied to non-woody plants, including those that come from trees and shrubs. These medicinal plants are also used as food, flavonoid, medicine or perfume and also in certain spiritual activities. Plants have been used for medicinal purposes long before prehistoric period. Ancient Unani manuscripts Egyptian papyrus and Chinese writings described the use of herbs. Evidence exist that Unani Hakims, Indian Vaids and European and Mediterranean cultures were using herbs for over 4000 years as medicine.

4. The Indian Traditional System of Medicine is one of the oldest systems of medical practice in the world and has played an essential role in providing health care service to human civilization, right from its inception. India has the exclusive distinction of its own recognized traditional medicine; Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homoeopathy (AYUSH)

5. Among ancient civilisations , India has been known to be rich repository of medicinal plants. The forest in India is the principal repository of large number of medicinal and aromatic plants, which are largely collected as raw materials for manufacture of drugs and perfumery products. About 8,000 herbal remedies have been codified in AYUSH systems in INDIA. Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and Folk (tribal) medicines are the major systems of indigenous medicines. Among these systems, Ayurveda and Unani Medicine are most developed and widely practised in India.

6. Recently, WHO (World Health Organization) estimated that 80 percent of people worldwide rely on herbal medicines for some aspect of their primary health care needs. According to WHO, around 21,000 plant species have the potential for being used as medicinal plants.

7. Importance of medicinal plants The medicinal plants find application in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, agricultural and food industry. The use of the medicinal herbs for curing diseases has been documented in history of all civilizations. Man in the pre-historic era was probably not aware about the health hazards associated with irrational therapy. With the honest of research in medicine, it was concluded that plants contain active principles, which are responsible, for curative action of the herbs.

8. Indian Medicinal Plants Database The medicinal plant species included in the database have been compiled and arranged under the six Indian Systems of Medicine namely Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Homeopathy, Sowa- Rigpa and Folk. Comprehensive lists of botanical names have been arranged alphabetically and appended to the database in respect of each of the six systems of Indian medicine. The numbers of botanical names enlisted for each medicinal system are tabulated below: Ayurveda (2559 botanical names). Siddha (2267 botanical names). Unani (1049 botanical names). Homeopathy (460 botanical names). Folk (6403 botanical names). Sowa- Rigpa (671 botanical names).

9. Plant species with therapeutic value under different plant groups ( Jiaxiang , 1997). S.N. PLANT GROUP NO. OF PLANTS 1 Thallophytes 230 2 Bryophytes 39 3 Pteridophytes 382 4 Gymnospermae 55 5 Angiospermae a) Monocotyledones 676 b) Dicotyledones 3495

10. Plant families containing over 100 species with therapeutic value ( Jiaxiang , 1997) S.N. Family GENERA SPECIES I. Monocots 1 Liliaceae 45 165 2 Orchidaceae 45 135 II. Dicots 3 Compositae 89 331 4 Leguminosae 91 331 5 Ranuculaceae 31 208 6 Laminaceae 46 189 7 Rosaceae 28 146 8 Umbelliferae 34 123 9 Rubiaceae 35 118 10 Euphorbiaceae 30 104 11 Asclepiadaceae 29 101

11. CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS Of the 2,50,000 higher plant species on earth, more than 80,000 species are reported to have at least some medicinal value and around 5000 species have specific therapeutic value. They are classified according to the part used, habit, habitat, therapeutic value etc.-

12. 1. Based on part used S.N. Plant Parts Plant Name 1 Whole plant: Boerhaavia diffusa , Phyllanthus neruri 2 Root: Dasamula 3 Stem: Tinospora cordifolia, Acorus calamus 4 Bark: Saraca asoca 5 Leaf: Indigofera tinctoria, Lawsonia inermis , Aloe vera 6 Flower: Biophytum sensityvum , Mimusops elenji 7 Fruit: Solanum species 8 Seed: Datura stramonium

13. 2. Based on habit S.N. Habit Plants 1 Grasses: Cynodon dactylon 2 Sedges: Cyperus rotundus 3 Herbs : Vernonia cineria 4 Shrubs: Solanum species 5 Climbers: Asparagus racemosus 6 Trees: Azadirachta indica 3. Based on habitat 3. Based on habitat 1 Tropical: Andrographis paniculata 2 Sub-tropical: Mentha arvensis 3 Temperate: Atropa belladona

14. 4. Based on Therapeutic value S.N. Therapeutic Value Plants 1 Antimalarial : Cinchona officinalis, Artemisia annua 2 Anticancer : Catharanthus roseus, Taxus baccata 3 Antiulcer : Azadirachta indica, Glycyrrhiza glabra 4 Antidiabetic Catharanthus roseus, Momordica charantia 5 Anticholesterol : Allium sativum 6 Antiviral : Acacia catechu 7 Antibacterial : Plumbago indica 8 Antifungal : Allium sativum 9 Antidiarrhoeal : Psidium gujava, Curcuma domestica

15. Chhattisgarh: The Herbal State The Herbal state of Chhattisgarh  is situated in Deccan bio-geographical area, houses an important part of the rich and unique biological diversity. What is more conspicuous is that the state is significantly rich in endemism with respect to many plants having medicinal importance. In view of extremely rich bio-cultural diversity in the state and dependence of forest dwellers for their health requirements on medicinal plants the Government has declared Chhattisgarh as an ‘HERBAL STATE’ in July 2001.

16. Herbal Status Report Status Report of MAP of Chhattisgarh The total number of plant species included in this exhaustive inventory of medicinal plants of Chhattisgarh state stands at 1525. The plant entities exhibited in this inventory of medicinal plants of Chhattisgarh state belongs to 911 genera and 196 families

17. Habit wise analysis -1525 medicinal plant taxa of Chhattisgarh: S.No. Habit Number Percentage 1 Climbers 161 10.6 2 Herbs 808 53 3 Shrubs 262 17.1 4 Trees 294 19.3 Total 1525 100

18. Status wise analysis – 1525 medicinal plant taxa of Chhattisgarh: S.No. Status of Occurrence Number Percentage 1 Cultivated 174 11.4 2 Planted 75 4.9 3 Wild 1129 74.0 4 Cultivated and Naturalized 22 1.4 5 Planted and Naturalized 19 1.3 6 Wild and Planted 106 7.0 Total 1525 100  

19. Endangered Flora of Chhattisgarh Floristic Study of the erstwhile seven district of Chhattisgarh was made by National Botanical Research Institute, Lacknow and identified 45 species as Endangered taxa of the state. cgvanoushadhi.gov.in

20. Endemic and Rare Flora of Chhattisgarh State As per the 3rd conservation assessment and managment plant workshop for southern Indian Medicinal Plants held at Bangalore in January 1997, some edemic , rare, critical endangered and vulnerable floral species in the State of Chhattisgarh have been listed. cgvanoushadhi.gov.in List of Species Assessed as Critical Endangered and Valnerable in the State of Chhattisgarh (cgvanoushadhi.gov.in)

21. COMMON MEDICINAL PLANTS

22. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. (SADABHAR) The name Catharanthus comes from the Greek for "pure flower“. Main source of vinca alkaloids. Vinblastine and Vincristine, two drugs used to treat cancer Leaf Used in diabetes, menstrual disorders Root and Leaf Used in hypertension. Anticancer Properties.

23. Azadirachta indica (Neem) Neem fruit, seeds, leaves, stems, and bark contain diverse phytochemicals, some of which were first discovered in azadirachta seed extracts, such as azadirachtin. The leaves contain quercetin, catechins, carotenes, and vitamin. Antimicrobial activities. Pest and disease control.

24. Achyranthes aspera L . ( Chirchitta , Apamarg ) Significance It is very useful in dropsy, piles, boils and for colic in children. It is also used as a cure for cough. In Uttar Pradesh, the plant is used as a herbal medicine, especially in obstetrics and gynecology, with the intention of treating abortion, induction of labor ( Khan& Khan, 2010 )

25. Andrographis paniculata Nees (Kalmegh, Chirayata , Bhui -neem ) Family- Acanthaceae commonly known as Kalmegh The primary active constituent of A. paniculata is the Andrographolide. It is colorless bitter in taste Traditionally, andrographis has been used for liver complaints and fever, and as an anti-inflammatory and immunostimulant. use of andrographolide as an anticancer agent

26. Tinospora cordifolia ( Willd .) Miers . (Giloy) Use T. cordifolia is used in the Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine for the treatment of jaundice, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis, and is also used as an immunostimulant.  Major constituents include the alkaloids berberine, tinospporin , palmitine , tembetarine

27. Boerhavia diffusa ( Punarnava ) Punarnava (meaning that which rejuvenates or renews the body in Ayurveda). Useful for curing heart diseases, anemia and edema. As an Ayurvedic medicine, this herb is said to cure disorders like intestinal colic, kidney disorders, cough, asthma and jaundice. Punarnava's leaves are also consumed as a green vegetable.

28. O cimum sanctum ( Tulsi ) From Ayurveda to Unani to Modern medicine, Tulsi and its extracts have been used as an active ingredient in making healing and immunity boosting medicines.

29. Withania somnifera ( Ashwagandha ) Ashwagandha is Sanskrit for smell of the horse, which refers to both its unique smell and ability to increase strength. Ashwagandha has been shown to lower blood sugar levels. A bioactive compound in ashwagandha, promotes the death of tumor cells and may be effective against several types of cancer.

30. Asparagus racemosus S atavar ,  S hatavari or  S hatamull ,  S hatawari Chemical constituents Asparagamine A, a polycyclic alkaloid was isolated from the dried roots. Shatavari is important in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. Extracts made from dried roots are used for various reproductive and hormonal issues in women. It is also used in cases of gastric ulcers and indigestion.

31. Phyllanthus niruri , Bhumi Amla  Bhumi  Amalaki According to Ayurveda, Bhumi Amla is considered good for indigestion and acidity, liver disorders, Cough and Cold. It is famous for its anti-viral activities across the world. Lignans, flavonoids, triterpenes, sterols, alkaloids, and essential oils are found in this plant.

32. Gloriosa superba ( Kalihari ) Family: Colchicaceae Common names include flame lily, climbing lily, creeping lily, glory lily. Every part of the plant is poisonous, especially the tuberous rhizomes. Contains high levels of colchicine, a toxic alkaloid. It also contains the alkaloid gloriocine . The alkaloid-rich plant has long been used as a traditional medicine in many cultures. It has been used in the treatment of gout, infertility, open wounds, snakebite, ulcers, arthritis, cholera, colic, kidney problems,

33. Terminalia chebula ( Harra , Haritaki ) Uses The fruits contain a range of medically active constituents including anthraquinones, tannins, chebulic acid. main ingredient in the Ayurvedic formulation Triphala .

34. Phyllanthus Emblica (Amla) Sanskrit amalaka The amla fruit is eaten raw or cooked into various dishes, amle ka murabbah . high amounts of ascorbic acid (vitamin C).

35. Aegle marmelos (B ael)  Fresh fruits made into sharbat, also called as Bela pana. The leaves, bark, roots, fruits, and seeds are used in traditional medicine to treat various illnesses. Contains furocoumarins, including xanthotoxol .

36. Justicia adhatoda A dhatoda , vasa, vasaka , Adusa The leaves contain most important is vasicine, a quinazoline alkaloid. Traditional medicinal uses in Siddha Medicine, Ayurvedic, Homeopathy and Unani systems of medicine. Used in Cough

37. Turmeric Scientific name: Curcuma domestica Turmeric is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae .

38. Cumin (Jeera) Scientific name: Cuminum cyminum Cumin is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae Its seeds are used in the cuisines of many different cultures, in both whole and ground form. Cumin seed is used as a spice for its distinctive flavour and aroma. In India, the seeds are powdered and used in different forms like kashaya (decoction), arishta (fermented decoction), and vati (tablet/pills), and processed with ghee. In southern Indian states, a drink,  jira  water, is made by boiling cumin seeds.

39. Garlic Scientific name: Allium sativum Garlic is a species in the onion genus, Allium. used to treat several ailments including fevers, diabetes, rheumatism, intestinal worms, colic, flatulence, dysentery, liver disorders, tuberculosis, facial paralysis, high blood pressure, and bronchitis

40. Curry leaf Scientific name: Murraya koenigii

41. Ginger Scientific Name: Zingiber officinale Ginger  has been  used  for thousands of years for the treatment of numerous ailments, such as colds, nausea, arthritis, migraines, and hypertension. In foods and beverages, ginger is used as a flavoring agent.

42. Flax seeds ( Alsi ) Scientific Name: Linum usitatissimum means “very useful Flax seeds are also known as Nutritional of Powerhouse It provides a good amount of Fiber, Protein, Magnesium and Manganese in each serving The Insoluble Fibers in Flaxseed helps Improve laxation and prevent constipation Flax seeds have abundance of ALA Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Flax seeds have high content of Lignans which acts as anti-oxidants.

43. POTENTIAL TRADITIONAL INDIAN/ AYUSH FORMULATIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF COVID-19 Ayurveda means ‘Science of life’. It provides a complete system to have a long and healthy life. It is derived from the concepts of “ Dinacharya ” - daily regimes and “ Ritucharya ” - seasonal regimes to maintain a healthy life. Clinical trials of AYUSH medicines like Ashwagandha, Yashtimadhu , Guduchi , Pippali , and AYUSH-64 on patients, health workers, and those working in high-risk areas have been initiated in India by the Ministry of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfares and ICMR.

44. Ayurvedic Approaches 1 AYUSH Kwath Ministry of AYUSH promotes the use of AYUSH kwath . The formulation is made of four herbs Ocimum sanctum L. leaves, Cinnamomum verum J. Presl . stem barks, Zingiber officinale Roscoe rhizomes and Piper nigrum L. fruits. 2 Samshamani Vat Samshamani vati ( Guduchi ghana vati ) is an ayurvedic formulation used in all types of fevers. Samshamani vati is made of aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia ( Willd .) Miers (family Menispermaceae )

45. 3 AYUSH-64 AYUSH-64 tablet is composed of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. bark, Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth . rhizomes, Swertia chirayita ( Roxb .) H. Karst. whole plant, and Caesalpinia crista L. seed pulp. Because of its antimalarial activity, AYUSH-64 is considered to be effective among the high-risk coronavirus population.

46. Routinely Used Common Indian Medicinal Plants for Exploring Against COVID-19 Ashwagandha, giloe , ginger, cinnamon, tulsi , black pepper, black cumin, amla, turmeric, garlic, and flax seeds have been traditionally used as herbal remedies for multiple diseases since ancient times.

47. Conclusion There are more medicinal plant grow in our country. But all plants have not medicinal effect. Some plants have toxicity. So we should be careful when using medicinal plant. Use of medicinal plants are beneficial for future

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