Mehrabian Communication - Nonverbal Deceit

1. Revie tom Joc ne Enr Roger Par, Volume 8, Muster 1,
Mach
Coria) 10 by Acs Pen, ne, Printed UA

2. sac 7 manne non HORNET STE CRD)

Nonverbal Betrayal of Feeling!

Avene Mean
Uaivent of Cairo, Lr Aner

In chee examen the bli fiel commise wee slam 10
«uy the sv tal mm wh pr omg alo con
nac Ge ved The pata whisk reseed same moe ma
ete tert man u ar Ja cl
feta wr hey se being ec, mel fea modi pon nos
1a ni ais abel Ia led Sore, bal ors seh evr am md
tore addon to thir cran fr de the Sings sno Proved aed
Eran shout the ann of te va sonal steamed th
bas

‘There are many social situations in were motivated ly the hypothesis that a
hich nonverbal behevion beta of local del communicator can be expected la
Interest para when m communienzor exhibit fear or aruidenee reactions voi
de «ler unable or uawiling to expres his aro rolecied in sublle physiological eure
Teclings expliciy, The conecp of rep. Although the Andinge From the exper
Son in pehounaiytic tory, for instance, mente did not uneumvocally support the
ied to te exploration ot Wonwerbal he hypothesis, they did provide guideline
avions as a meane for inferring a client's do the study of nonverbal eucs in deci
unaerepiable” feelings te, Devi & à communicuter e expected to Cab €
Mu, 1055). Tue aoeumption was chat greater deren of negative act whe bem
some behavior re wine enitted by deeitfu
‘person during bis conversation on a given Given this ascumptin, the Tterature ot
opie hich hep to identity his taverbal~ nonverbal alude cemuniniation provided
Feat ares ant abeamfor, or his deb. several hypotheses, Patate and poston
fate distonions, To explore this fue in variwbles can be group into tase
THe pren stndy, ena necessary to set mer the, once, piyall proximo
Amelie hy witch subjects would verbally forward Kan, eye seat, and shoulder
Expres something other than what thes orientation lo an ales) me
als elt or experienced, Decetfs! com. sones of postive fling (eg, Meseabi,
Tusiatione seemed to provide a reason: 1009). According, mel was exe
ably. ccm paradigm for that pected to be grevcr during truthful can
papa. nel someunications in the following.
‘Har. experimente which employed I experiments, Similarly, the following” Ay:
tency misas in wordessoriation tasks polos for various movement, facial, and
‘og, Marston, 1920) or OST and blood verbal cues were based on the panier
pressure mesures (eg, Chappell, 1629) negative attitude communiste

red eng, ime of hee ener When a comi
eda fade oe una by Ute Si ¡rca! rater than a a he ptes
ni Health Sevi Goat MIE TSE Tr ua and ell positive head node les
seer a a el Je camer. BR Gegner, Rosenflt, 1900 and an
Bane Bore et nd) is moro (Meat € Willams, 190). A
THs Getic ames D iar he spe tore dera commenter epee a à
Dee blas a Shower tte tall Je I tem Of nut
“

3. ol words, and produces more frequent
Set erro. (owl, 1986; Kasl &
Mahl, 1065). Alviough these bypochees
Suggested a limited set of ones de
avion as posible indiatara of de, ade
ditional exes were anayard in the follow
Siig experimenta for exploratory purpose

Examen 1

An this experiment, secta communi-
cated both del and trully 10
‘here juge, iia, the subjects were
ke for tir opinion ‘regarding the
Inenizuion of abortion heavy debated
‘Rive at thal ite, whieh was selected to
heit strong negative or positive sings.
Bach subject ther presemed truth
communication regarding abortion fe
consisten ith hi ar er view), and alee
2 seh commmication inconsistent
‘wih his vi). To simulate tuo common
‘conditions ul dc, the eete a à rewante
Shock factor wer dio explored. In the re.
var condition, eubjete were promised and
given lame pay lor Ming act, 1
Provided the Judge mas unable to dert
Pier dect: in the shook come they
wer dented wit, ad given mil, hack
it the Judge detesta their do

Method

Scrat. Rach, ean

de sand ern, amd 0
esr explaining Bi pam. Ta ce
o]
ii) neve id to coma the ari,
‘Mat dep were to do la hat follow

2 cating othe ME AS L lua ire
Be prb of foe eat AS
ling ihe wa ot bein dros Scie re
Stet Beal wee forma a Sab Dh
‘Watt ati to dhe materi
och lo Ihre ie Jude (Dm peti
‘Sommonitin sow ol. Wat”) a

erica amt abi, and (4
Sama pot orton. The pei
Slam alega eae En led by co
‘ion 2 2d 9 in rnd oe, Th, m
don a met wil de siete bet

UU om of som meras te ie wen wu
try toh be an anne it al
fon of the erie Me st ent bh
{he Judge wae giving i tr pinion. Sab
fect had adn mie boo wil pr

oe in pa wi Bey vn e yo No,

‘nat day met oth Jan ley me
they wou rece $210 rent rom thr Joe
{hey Ba font In the net sd,
‘bjs ete tld they wont De snk a te
Li af exons Uy de fee comes
nude ay wore qu llo de Se À
ME so hd ben ola ont othe en.

cc ts de
io dita He rood sad id tie.
‘San in oca sc no Tans
seed voi ent of the pende ans,
Bi ered en ete for tay
Fe nn mt of wing vera ryote
de Meta" 000) ware sey
Za md Sere covet 2 larva das
= soley ela: nation <a a
mi Fobia bli sag te
vario mere normale Sc er me
‘as nome fn toon, Le
Jes sone athe abe Scan m=
{ioe ite dom sorte,

Renate

Reliability gare for the scsi of ent
dependent ensure have been given by
‘Mehrabian (1900), and were deemed sai
factory sul tant al depmdent arr
were telained for further analyse For
(act dependent. mom, the seer ob
{ined from the observers for a given con

4. 66 PS

dition and subject were averaged. Then,
euch dépendent measure we analyzed
ing 2 X 2X 13 X2 factorial design
There were two levels of sex of the rubs
sereommun cat, wo Ives of infor.
tment (anticipated! reward. versus punish-
men, 14 subjects nested under cach of
the Sox X Reward condicions, and Silly
fy levels of deceit (deceit versos truth)
‘whieh involved Yepeated measures

“Table 1 vonmarines the rol of (he

analyses of variance, The sguiteant effects
for cach dependent mesure are given in
parentheses and, in the case of (o-way
Snteractions, arts connect those call
mea foun 10 dile significant. For i=
ance, analyse of variance of immeliaey
scores sowed siguieance for Reinforee
ment X Deel: subjects who were prom
She uwand or success! vei were mone
inmediato while truthful (00) hn we
dec (20), and there was no cores

Scams 0 Stine Fanon sunt Anas on Vamo Ferns 1

rendent ei) CS Me
Fm u
remet x Desi) 8 OUT rat WEN
Past 05 os
aston
Pal lest
‘tte OR Rema Pam ner
Rocking ate
nem 1 0 Reward Paine
‘oem 44 Tubes Dre
Le movement ate
rarement) 22016 Roma Dunitmant = 0.7
eect ntm) 50 61 nat, Dev
Me
Puri 000 10
po dition
Se eu mie
‘Des 41 56 Tah es Des = 56

p< af = VA atic arto le Arrows cnet allman ch han ete
ace Saint ie Bl Hama re uhren sr se

5. Sossannan. MITRAL OF une. e

porn significant difference for sujets
Who. were told they would be shocked it
ir droit were detected, core.

Exrment 1

This experiment explored the ects of
the following factors on the noavetbal ee
hevir of a subject: the scat deceit
‘ee Cl any of he veel com
Vimicaion, ole plying oF à deal
versa truth communication, the nx of
Use commanistr, un the ineracene of
these wits the Extovenion wil the Neue
{olism sore on che Bysenck Personality
Inventory (len Ryne, LOB) at
the "Maher und Seran 052)" Tex.
mic Qurtionnic, Subjets int ave
‘heir opinions on a variety af social oe,
12 of which involved spite persone and
12 “stich alce ote sheet te
‘Tn they Ho instructions 10 present
four types of comtes: (A) ling
‘hte a mr sch hat Ge Heer
de consinecd that one e loli the et

ina manner sch tha
convinced that me Is,
(6) Wine in a manner eee that tbe er
tener a convino that one e el. the
Ana, aw OD) fying in a manner such
{hat ide ter de minos that one
Wine. The aujee presented 12 ases to
‘ne jae in a pmartange ode, uch hat,
fete of three ies wer, comica I
‘ach ofthese four wave

Method

Fait Uninet of Calon onder
safes serve id hr in e eerie
203 meee cn» Fall ae, mir, om
Henne pst a ono in lar? The
LER ues dencia, winging y De
fmt mor Kl Cl ponian
Sem ir ok mie. 1 ire wee
Sth to which De hal monde m a or
Cies vomito or aún manne Too.
{ie einen setas fom tor ej. Be
tsa tr wn sow to sors for ath
‘planar he pontine experimen ted
three ie or ac of do ear hick
ie er coursed

"Te et ne Wl a the ze o

Le carnet am gt ining fom coe
hung th An oi and how be a Uo
Semel in rach oe, Be eo Tot of
FE inves whi bad Ge me or Mi
Sm o ha of hy seg. Hae matt
we nat peed Uy the tre 8 Coe D
ase te Dm why coin be ear à
BE Tr oder the sno wa ster
amd wer a mir
"Ace ach prorat. the tide oer
vm ato wie he jr
he th Te abia a

a of at
(CR tne de je sre em a te
De ae ard at td
‘fore yin hey mond mee bon of BU

raten o tly Di ot and boom
Callar mi Met. Tr dt
Aa A oi bj os anne
‘tee hey te aly Al A ma wa
na juge we D he rapt ch
BE te Der led proms af the

‘hares wee ld aleman ow aan
tae dee bd teen abe to er Ue rare
ten de 1 condos Tavs hoc stale
‘Bie he $2.00 arene tH end
Dr ore ait, lio af ee
fh me ese t,he Mick Po
nig Javea se le Mana nd San
‘Pou amity Quai.

Tour here vio were lated tind à
snc rar la un st. warm wendet
hy taser wine ihe regen md or
À ie perch vor pe war ot er

Reste

Scones for cach dependent measure were
analyzed using a 2X2 2X 2X2 fae
torial design. There meno two levels of
«oramanicator sx, bro levels of eon
‘calor Aradety (or alternately, in a second
rin of malien of variance, two Tete
31 communicator, Extroverson), wi 12
subjects mete under each al {he Come
murirator Sex Personal; variable eon
ns, and repeated measures taken over
tach of two levee of ert raf vorn

6. Sensor or Sur Pico rae Aras or Vaan: Eee 1

ON ss Mase

inet

ron 106 un. De

ra AS svn een

i

ene . ir

Min us Ms Mane an Tan.

uration

pre 128 moin a vus

RE mm 6 as nt
titi TE
deepal 18 oe

CT Fo tai
ae

TS met 47 m pond het

ES = +
mana TS
DT

sh ei

a 45 mo er Dun zu

frente

Te ment 02 cr au Acta

= = =
mern DE TE
nids RE

ter cc Se ord ae nee ae er Den per D

“Aa = Wet falter a ian Ama eg o mo wi Damen o,

7. Aecetfl wel communications) and role
played dei trlesplayd truchfuluee and
layed Jing)
Ta one se of analyses of variance, the
LExtroversion sale was uso to explore Pose
ie interactions of une penonaliy Van.
able wilh door in determising non verbal
Behavior, ln a second st of analyses of
varie, the personality factor emplaved
Terre Lo as Antic) was the zum
oa stbjea's# cores on the Te Ansley
Quencimuaine and on the Neri
Scale, These combine! Ames) amd Ne
rotin scores were uni sine ial sep
frat sels of anales of variance involeing
{he Ansiety and Neurmiehen dimensions
ilded similar results, The rl of ths
cond experiment are summarized in Table
2 ig the same formt an that of
Table Le

Eres UL

Im this experiment, the subject responded
lo a mumber of pursomlity seals prior 20
participating In the experiment. The inent
Df the experiment was complet digo
{roms the subject and the method was de-
signed to maxhnize the subjects désire to
he without heing cash

Method

Nie Of ei na rep he cones
‘era at cr eng cone to ees
Ese and dl aot mete esos

Fach mbit war Sint aad. he Tot
sty Dame ad dr Ban
Foo bee 3 een of be ener,
rin sonda mb va ario sd sd
hs nine mtm To nt or
‘Been about ni de esd the a wi of
Via do and snot de ont
ab ofa are tain Yl ey o som
‘Sie by BAP. ash wld Bar à baton to po
Si Shame mou sus aay when ba but
lcs ‘wre pra. simil: They ld
Beim aly bre ren 4 lea)

JEmRAvAL OF vue w

and could gro the In oly ee cy 18
‘so Tia ia an Emi sem de sun,
‘Souter ci poe ya wa 2 Sic they
ald ot se ach other one the patios. De
‘erotic ESP chanel see the Cues
Aline dat they ould gt se by dau
dies me told Qa ey mde the Date werk
ARE 1 Si ay ol Le eae tm

“fee coro seemed ler à
at” se a ot” enden on the tai
SS Zod sc ey alo oor to the exp
‘Seiten td to thom tho. were on du
moe Ban. Tan “cheat” mar
shot 1 ad aan, ho comet
{he pari, ant win sing ali, de
fi tthe jr mia a pus bi Dia
te bc ml te step e el
ber af homes uid for than le weder
‘lout onan int Snort” coo he
{niente simple ld baum down lo
‘Solio inet wi en, m Uns
i the reel bere hara rca mat
tee

"Th flog Beth contin, Le bie
separa tat be and bis par had er
{Ely concn win O, Da aon
"Shean, be mbt Lae by sated
EEE dae es fn sn
ted the abet 0 art o, mol E
‘oa hod

“Could yon tll me how you wet shout
moe ag ERP! “Do sou tink Oe
SODA yom fallow the ie

eevee rots mde ica ft ox
Bile ec mente lad pot (a, wir
‘Sooke the es sa ofthe te
ones tld the contort wens
Fm cold ene isc, Ne Sete
‘Sof the codi wae nr tothe

El sag of the pend

8. mo sure emos

Heat ad he mee aed sal rio
the re

‘Dari the etnies peril bist
tas pation, and vio were leo
‘een fom an le Yom rich à 0
‘is me, bios Be mes ket I
Mon er met ue mie eve sone

tks ape, Senne. de he
ronda tape wor eae sae Ur.
Fat TU Ceding or o) e
‘itor fo de en In foe 3. None of the

Rests

For each of the dependent measure, br
score obtained froma the raters tor giv
abject were averaged, Average score (or
‘ach dependant mesure were nex analyzed
Wing 2228 factor) design. There
swore tio feto of deco (decia! vera
Eat communication), and tun loch
fof Ansiety or Fxcrovetsion, ln a som
Sec of unies), and eight cl nated
ee eel

Fxcroversion) cont
or was the same asin Experiment fh. The
resulta of thie experien see nana
in Table 3 usiog De same format sein Ihe
preceding tables

Dacestos

‘The teste from al exprrccate wirst
the following tentative generalization
Siaifean sera or immediacy ees tise
dañe, forward Kun, alee cone) wen
concen with ll potes al neat
that a greater degre of negativo feng de
corsmunieted in monserbal behaviors When
2 cornnietor ix being etl. Tn one.
esperimeat which explore Tequencs of
fe ate ward or ames Fan the le
Alvar, 10 significant effects were ob
tained, thus siazesting thet amount uf eye
contact, rater than rate of eye sis, may
e Cho basis for che popular notion that
Fait epee” rete! dert

‘Postural relaxation war ot hypothesized
as rhin to weet: the Sings Iikewirc
Gi not indicate any relationship, Among
‘The moverrnt eves the notons for ead
‘aiding and getenlation mere supported

in every inslance where a significant et
trae obtained,

To the Bret wo experiments, communi-
ators exhibited more pleases farah ex
pressions wher (hey were being dest
This was consistent with the following in
torprottion of Medraliga and. Willa
(1960). “Greater facial plessancness >
[xhen e occurs] in somewhat avisar
LS den << ¿may Malie pater
Slots of a comiousirator to relieve &
Son ant décore by placaing the ado
reser” dp. 30). Findings from the hin
‘esperinest suggest! faces einement of
that imerpretstion, Tnteoverted or high
ious eomminientors exited les facial
plesantnese while hey were heing dee
Five where the even wen tr for low
“tons eommanieton Tis experiment
¿ici nah stronger feelings from the com-
fuomentors th the fst to, So thie Ed
ing, opter wth the higbeansiou or in
Urovertod commutieatars generally Tower
lity to cone with the diente interne
onal situation involved, nica that the
ansious (but not the ose anious) com.
munenları in che third experiment were
‘experi tao much date o have been
Ale to willflly manipula the Sari
by sii, more tequendy. This, Mehr
‘jun and ill suggested interpretation.
of rng may he plete barring xe
Ame cases of semutninator seven

Finals, in the third expetinent, among
those who were Being rulhld, the taal
expresion of high-amoos communicator
‘rere more plemant than cine of loue
ions ones, Tint ia to say, exeuding
special situations of deceit and (her cono
Somit daceinfort or ans, he igh
‘minis communiratom exhibited a greater
Aires of smiling relative 10 loweanons
na King whi ie expert In erm
fof the general interpretaron that The ie
ein! who feels ee or uncay à
fn interaction de he one who sles more

"The findings of the three exprnents de
stv hat the interaction of amit for
tore generale, nabo skilfully cope
vet dieu intomersonal situations) with
Nectar! curmnonicaion can be
‘explora Fetal ne a determiner of non:

9. SOWVENDAL DRTIAYAL OF YRELISG a

Tann a
‘Soni or Sanur Hoven yar Ansa or Vasa m Regen I

Depot mee u

"ope ate) eo Mem
pres
Eonia oe ee ee
ail pens
‘Deter Am) ne a ru Det
ans “U8 = 0
+ +

rt to sa na Trab
DRE hr
1 “y 22 &

Abe x Esterri) mo Tu Dot
score “Se AE

Senin mie

‘teat a) 2. ral De
ans D:

POS

Ser

een) A613 Tha Dent = 2
29 CE

Fragen 1) dr

"rc

Were 28 18 Trubs Pelt = ue

Tp €. = VS OE a isa how et man ih, ado et,
sen ah ee ae ean are ter enemas pr mt

10. 2 aun ananas

verbal behavior. ‘The relevant bypotbasis|
br hat the greater one's all ia Intern.
‘sonal relations, the les is the negativo
feet “comuraicatednonverbally while
being dest, Experimenting sith hile
‚ren verus adults can provide a test ofthis
yore. Ako, iutivihal difeence
ensure of interpersonal sil such as tbe
Philips (196) social competee sale, ext
Tae nnd 10 tet Ue sue hypothesis wich
‘i,

‘Among the impli speech es, as bye
their, the rica ets coi
cat showed. UL speech duration tor
Hengih) was les a sper eror ate war
Higher for wore dee communicator,
Año, in the seco experiment, Both the
et uf actual sed roleplayed deceo
servo to decrease speceh rat. Homer,
in the third experiment speech ate. you
Higher when ‘commmtieators hd. Since
stress was Higher for communicators who
lid in Experiment TL, vie. contraition
can be maolved by assuming that speech

for aight lela of civcomtont
uch qe in the (rath condition of Espert
sit 1D, is low for moderate levele of
confor (el as in ho deeit conditions
of Experiment ID, and ie I
Tigh Tesla al dscomfore (wich as in the
ect comica of Experiment 12
Tn wiition to the findings which dir

ations, there were many other which
Supported earlier interpretations of the sit“

ance of varius mover curt. I the
int opor there an more ee one
Hack an lee sexton ith tiroteos
are (o, a le wo could po
‘hak the jes) an wht montes
fing aires. ‘Pht iy consent wäh
Mchrabant 1068, p. 20) ‘ing that
tise commtnietors ere an ua
trea doce of eye contact and le re.
Fin withers dec mate thas
sith extremely die feat. te eked
That although eye contact decreases ta
ation ieee) as dake af tho ade

Nate dut the valet of eh to we
inate on Sant war I Expt YE,
‘he mre ann er of en of won
yor Nae Event I

rene increases to a moderate lev, thi
(ect is revered for even greater depres
of dislike, thus indiating vigilance in ne
‘ponte to a threatening ther
interpreting Che movement data,
Mchrubian and Wiliams (1900) suggest
hat rocking, getiulatios, and ep and Foot
movement tates are corilated with come
munleater relaxation and/or status ‘The
Andinge were content wich this inter
pretation. In Experiment 1, females, do.
would he expected to be ‘allected most,

‘was pastel coral wilh relaxation
Jn Experiments Land I. Iu Experian I,
leg and font movements were more {rc
quent when the communicator was tral
tha when be was deci, and leg more»
soon were more frequent when & cam.

nat tals

‘wo nonthrenening an
to threatening aiirenoe. In the isd
experiment only, Fates of leg and foot
movement comte Bet wih postura
rat

All of te significant Andi relating Lo
Bout non prt send (1980)
nerpmistien. da one expriment, high:
amicun subjects nodded Hoss frequency
than Torrado ‘ones while they were

excita en ien.
Length of communiestion has been euge
geile as an index ol communicators

tude toward the objeet of is
one, Lan the addres, or

atin set tet (Mo
lian, 1065; Tevet, 1960). Ta the
Sh acta ne Bel om

ct with a rovthrestening han vith à
{ieatening uidrese, To the second ud
{hint experimente, lengthier communlen-
Bonn mero obtained with (he truthful (han
‘vith the deedtfu communications. Speech
Tule an apoco error ratos have alado:
Ten “disused. Fall, speech volume
‘ich indiatos a more dominant and el
sured fine of the vommunlentr, was
Higher for the lew scene rommunicato

Experiment IL

‘in sum, when being deeethul, commu.

11. RONERDAL MENTAL or PERRO 8

‘ators modded,gesturd, und had le free
ue ez and foot movements they me
‘med les immediate positions reve to
hir addressees, talked less and more
slowly, had more speech ecrre and smilcd
‘mote. The Gindings also provided the fl-
Towing additional formation about (he
Sgnifeance of the various nonverbal ees
‘whieh were employed, Consistent with
Previous tentative sterpretations, 4a}
greater degees of yo contact and ss re.
{axation show vigilance and are expected
in eitalions where the adôrese he some
hat threatening; (0) daring emkard or
Formal interactions smiling. de associated
wich a communietors ont ta relieve
Ceasion and placate his addrentes; (0)
slo mate, rates of rocking, geriula-
om, and leg and foot movement baie à
comimuniestore enafart and. relaxation:
and (4) speceh volume de a coreate of
‘mors dominant and sol-ar Foi ol
a commnieato.

Tennent

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Durée, E & Mur, We E The clinical
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Pron is.

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The Bine Prana Inventory, Son Di
cata und Todt Teig Servi,

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tance and etn in posant
ah de tity. Jounal of Pay and
Soil Pocholo 198,1, 12540,
vets, 6, Sor, $ BA au af asi
on mg. earl ol Abnemal and oral
zea WE OT

Maur, WA conan spo of de
cin. Joule} Esperen! Paya,
ma mm
of comico state, ot Je.
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Meru A abi of ate to sated
estore, bastion and dines Jv 2)
Pornaity md Seat Poy, 198. 10,
‘toned bia teo esa eo
tnd Terme, 190 1, 2.2,
Min hy & Wexse M. Nooveial cone
nata of prt td cdo po:
‘a Dont af Penaneliy it Sol Pop
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are L us alpin and efits
"New Yorks Academie Pres, 196.

thr M.A Approving dapper
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