Menstrual cycle

note on menstrual cycle

1. LET US GUESS THE TOPIC….!!!!

2. MENSTRUAL CYCLE: BY: MISS.GINI BIJI ROLL NO: 4 F.Y.MSC NURSING S.V.B.C.O.N- SILVASSA .

3. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: At the end of the class students will be able to: To ellaborate the definition of menstrual cycle. To define what is menstrual cycle. To enumerate the terms menarche and menopause. To understand the phase of menstrual cycle. To describe the function of mucus plug. To depict the scenario after shedding of corpus luteum.

4. INTRODUCTION: This is a series of events, occurring regularly in females every 26 to 30 days throughout the childbearing period of about 36 years . The cycle consists of a series of changes taking place concurrently in the ovaries and uterine walls, stimulated by changes in blood concentrations of hormones.

5. DEFINITION: Menstrual cycle is the normal shedding of endometrium in the form of bleeding through the cervix & vagina. Endometrium – It is innermost layer of uterus. It is 28 days cycle occurring regularly in all females in their reproductive age span. That is from menarche to menopause.

6. Menstruation starts at puberty, usually in early teens, 13 years and above. In puberty:- First sign of menstruation – Menarche Last menstruation - Menopause Puberty age :-10 to 16 years menstruation starts but varies in every female.

7. Reproductive age -15 to 45 years –Female is able to conceive the fetus. Menopause age -45 to 50 years –menstruation stops. Amenorrhea - Absence of menstrual flow. Menstrual cycle – 26 to 30 days. It means the time between one period to next period.

8. Blood loss in one menstrual cycle is about 20 to 80 ml. In one year a female menstruate around 14-16 times. Reproductive age:-15 to 45 years In a span of about 30 years the female bleeds more than 450 times in her lifetime.

9. PHASES: 3 phases: Proliferative phase – 9 to 10days, Start after periods within 4 to 5 days. Secretory phase – 11 to 12 days. Menstrual phase - 4 to 5 days.

10. 1.Proliferative phase: Occurs during follicular phase of ovarian cycle. Endometrium exposed to oestrogen . Regeneration from the last menstrual cycle. Glands in endometrium are straight in this phase, parallel to one another and contain little secretion.

11. 2. Secretory Phase After ovulation – progesterone production causes secretory changes in endometrial glands. Appearance of secretory vacuoles in glandular epithelium below nuclei. Secretions in lumen of glands. Which become tortuous and develop serrated margins.

12. 3. Menstrual Phase: Luteal phase lasts 14 days – then there is a regression of corpus luteum. Decline in oestrogen and progesterone. This leads to a intense spasmodic contraction of spiral section of endometrial arterioles. Schaemic necrosis. Shedding of superficial layer- Bleeding. These spasms are associated with Prostoglandin , which are also associated with increased uterine contractions during menstrual flow.

13. Cervical Mucus: Important to stop ascending infection. Changes during the menstrual cycle. Early follicular phase – viscid and impermeable. Late follicular phase – increasing oestrogen levels. M ucus becomes watery and easily penetrated, allowing spermatozoa to get through. Change is known as Spinnbarkheit . Post-ovulation – progesterone from corpus luteum counteracts oestrogens effects. M ucus becomes impermeable and the cervical os contracts.

14. Other Changes: Body temperature – R ise of 0.5°C after ovulation till onset of menstruation. Due to progesterone levels. If conception occurs – This temperature is maintained throughout pregnancy B reast changes – Breast swelling during luteal phase due to increasing progesterone levels. P sychological changes – Change in mood and an increase in emotional lability. Might be due to falling progesterone levels.

15. Ovulation :-Is the release of eggs from the ovaries. Corpus luteum is ruptured, egg released its call ovulation. Ovulation :14 day Pain in ovulation -Mittelschmerz Shedding –Bleeding. Blood collect in Uterus – Hematometra. (Fig.) Hematometra - Nerve supply to hypothalamus. Posterior pituitary gland - Stimulate hypothalamus.

16. After degeneration of the corpus luteum , however, falling levels of oestrogen and progesterone lead to resumed anterior pituitary activity, rising FSH levels and the initiation of the next cycle.

17. SUMMARY:

18. ASSIGNMENT: Enumerate the terms: Polymenorrhea . Oligomenorrhea. Metrorrhagia.

19. The cycle consists of a series of changes taking place concurrently in the ovaries and uterine walls, stimulated by changes in blood concentrations of hormones. Hereby, I would like to thank my Subject Incharge Of Nursing Education, MR.SUDEENDRA MUTALIKDESAI who has given me an opportunity to practice microteaching and this has helped me in improving my teaching skills.

20. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Ashalata N Nandedkar , Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology for Nursing and Healthcare students, 3 rd edition, Wolter Kluwer Publications. Tortora G.J., Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 12 th edition, Volume 2. Ross and Wilson ; Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology. D.C. Dutta; Textbook Of Obstetrics; Edition 9 th , 2018, New Cental book agency (P) ltd., Kolkata. Annamma Jacob; A Comprehensive Textbook Of Midwifery And Gynecological Nursing, Edition-3 rd , Jaypee Publishers, New Delhi.