$$ MENSTRUAL CYCLE $$

This presentation MENSTRUAL CYCLE is very useful to easily understandable.

1. MENSTRUAL CYCLE

2. The menarche is one of the later stages of puberty in girls. The first period is called menarche . The average age of menarche in humans in 12years, but is normal anywhere between ages 8-16. A number of physical and psychological changes take place at puberty:- The uterus , the uterine tubes and the ovaries reach maturity. The menstrual cycle and ovulation begin {menarche}. The breast develop and enlarge. Pubic and auxiliary hair begins to grow. Increases in height and widening of the pelvis. Increased fat deposited in the subcutaneous tissue especially at the hips and breasts. The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman's reproductive life is termed menopause. T5he average age of menopause in women is 51 years, with anywhere between 40-58 being common. INTRODUCTION

3. DEFINATION: To wards the end of puberty, girls begin to release eggs as part of a monthly period called the female reproductive cycle or menstrual cycle. Approximately every 28 days, during ovulation, an ovary sends atiny egg into one of the fallopian tubes. Unless the egg is fertilized by a sperm while in the fallopian in the two to three days following ovulation, the egg dries up and leaves the body about two weeks later through the vagina . This process is called menstruation . During menstruation arteries that supply the lining of the uterus constrict and capillaries weaken . Endometrium mucus and blood descending from the uterus , through the liquid creates the menstruation flow. MENSTRUAL CYCLE

4. The reproductive cycle can be divided into an:- 1 – Uterine cycle 2- Ovarian cycle Uterine cycle :- during the uterine cycle , the endometrial lining of uterus builds up under the influence of increasing levels of estrogen. Follicles develop and within a few days one matures into an ovum or egg. The ovary then releases this egg, at the time of ovulation.

5. After ovulation the uterine lining enters a secretory phase, or the ovarian cycle, in preparation for implantation, under the influence of progesterone. progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum (the follicle after ovulation) and enriches the uterus with a thick lining of blood vessels and capillaries so that can sustain the growing fetus. If fertilization and implantation occur, the embryo produces human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), which maintains the corpus luteum and causes it to continue producing , progesterone until the placenta, can take overproduction of progesterone. Ovarian cycle

6. Hence, progesterone is “progestational” and maintains the uterine lining during all of pregnancy. This fall in progesterone levels cause the endometrium lining to break down and sluff off through the vagina this is called menstruation. BASIC BIOLOGY Hypothalamus ( gland in the brain responsible for regulating the body’s thirst, hunger, sleep patterns, libido and endocrine functions).

7. Stimulates Pituitary gland Secrets Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH)and A little leutenizing Hormone(LH) Causes Maturation of follicles Follicles release Estrogen hormone Causes Lining of the uterus to thicken Pituitary releases Leutenizing hormone(LH) This LH surge triggers one mature follicle to burst open result in ovulation. Result in ovulation.

8. There are three main phases in menstrual cycle:- Proliferative phase. Secretory phase. Menstrual phase. The Proliferative phase (6-14) days:- The follicular phase spans the length of time between the first day of menstruation and the moment of ovulation. The pituitary gland releases follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), which stimulates the ovary to produce around 5 to 20 follicles. PHASES

9. only one follicles stimulates will mature into an egg, while the others die away. The growth of the follicles stimulates the lining of the uterus (Endometrium) to thicken in preparation for possible pregnancy. This phase is under the control of estrogen once of the oestrogen produced by the growing follicles reaches a certain level, it triggers the pituitary gland to release a surge of LH (Leutenizing hormone). This causes the most mature follicle to burst open and release it’s egg into the fallopian tube. This is Ovulation .

10. This phase follow ovulation . High levels of LH cause the empty grafian follicle to develop into the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum releases progesterone, which increases the endometrial blood supply. 2. The secretory phase :- (15- 28)days

11. A lack of signal from a fertilization egg influences the drop in estrogen and progesterone production. If fertilization and implantation do not occur the corpus luteum degenerative into a corpus albicans , and progesterone levels falls. A drop in progesterone results in the shedding off of the thick endometrial lining which is the menstrual flow. The endometrium is shed up to the basal layer along with blood from capillaries and the unfertilized ovum. 3. THE MESTRUAL PHASE (1-5) DAYS:-

12. Menstruation is managed by menstruating women to avoid damage to clothing or to accord with norms of public life. Menstrual management practices range from medical suppression of menstruation, through wearing special garments or other items, washing or avoidance of washing, disposal and laundry of stained materials, to separation of menstruators to particular places or activities. Menstrual products (also called " feminine hygiene " products) are made to absorb or catch menstrual blood. A number of different products are available - some are disposable, some are reusable. Where women can afford it, items used to absorb or catch menses are usually commercially manufactured products. There are disposable products: Sanitary napkins  (also called sanitary towels or pads). Tampons . Disposable  menstrual cups  made of soft plastic.  MANAGEMENT

13. SANITARY NAPKINS

14. TAMPONS

15. DISPOSBLE MENSTRUAL CUPS

16. RE-USEABLE CLOTH PADS